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Pictorial representation of two interacting charged plates across an electrolyte solution. The distance between the plates is abbreviated by h. The most popular model to describe the electrical double layer is the Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) model. This model can be equally used to evaluate double layer forces.
In 1923, Peter Debye and Erich Hückel reported the first successful theory for the distribution of charges in ionic solutions. [7] The framework of linearized Debye–Hückel theory subsequently was applied to colloidal dispersions by S. Levine and G. P. Dube [8] [9] who found that charged colloidal particles should experience a strong medium-range repulsion and a weaker long-range attraction.
Here, q 1 and q 2 are the charges, r is the distance between their centres, and the value of the constant fraction / is approximately 9 × 10 9 N⋅m 2 ⋅C −2. Likewise, ε 0 appears in Maxwell's equations , which describe the properties of electric and magnetic fields and electromagnetic radiation , and relate them to their sources.
In this model, the charge distribution of ions as a function of distance from the metal surface allows Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics to be applied. Thus the electric potential decreases exponentially away from the surface of the fluid bulk. [3] [6] Gouy-Chapman layers may bear special relevance in bioelectrochemistry.
Volume charge density (symbolized by the Greek letter ρ) is the quantity of charge per unit volume, measured in the SI system in coulombs per cubic meter (C⋅m −3), at any point in a volume. [1] [2] [3] Surface charge density (σ) is the quantity of charge per unit area, measured in coulombs per square meter (C⋅m −2), at any point on a ...
Charge carrier density, also known as carrier concentration, denotes the number of charge carriers per volume. In SI units, it is measured in m −3. As with any density, in principle it can depend on position. However, usually carrier concentration is given as a single number, and represents the average carrier density over the whole material.
A parallel plate capacitor. Using an imaginary box, it is possible to use Gauss's law to explain the relationship between electric displacement and free charge. Consider an infinite parallel plate capacitor where the space between the plates is empty or contains a neutral, insulating medium. In both cases, the free charges are only on the metal ...
2 are the two electric charges, and r is the distance between the charges. This serves to define charge as a quantity in the Gaussian system. The statcoulomb is defined such that if two electric charges of 1 statC each and have a separation of 1 cm, the force of mutual electrical repulsion is 1 dyne. [1] Substituting F = 1 dyn, q G 1 = q G