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Quantum anomalous Hall state: A state which has a quantized Hall resistance even in the absence of external magnetic field. Topological insulator : a material whose interior behaves as an electrical insulator while its surface behaves as an electrical conductor.
Bromine in both liquid and gas state, encased inside acrylic in solid state Helium 's orange glow in its plasma state A simplified phase diagram for water , showing whether solid ice, liquid water, or gaseous water vapor is the most stable at different combinations of temperature and pressure
Drifting smoke particles indicate the movement of the surrounding gas.. Gas is one of the four fundamental states of matter.The others are solid, liquid, and plasma. [1] A pure gas may be made up of individual atoms (e.g. a noble gas like neon), elemental molecules made from one type of atom (e.g. oxygen), or compound molecules made from a variety of atoms (e.g. carbon dioxide).
For a gas, it is the hypothetical state the gas would assume if it obeyed the ideal gas equation at a pressure of 1 bar. For a gaseous or solid solute present in a diluted ideal solution , the standard state is the hypothetical state of concentration of the solute of exactly one mole per liter (1 M ) at a pressure of 1 bar extrapolated from ...
Isotherms of an ideal gas for different temperatures. The curved lines are rectangular hyperbolae of the form y = a/x. They represent the relationship between pressure (on the vertical axis) and volume (on the horizontal axis) for an ideal gas at different temperatures: lines that are farther away from the origin (that is, lines that are nearer to the top right-hand corner of the diagram ...
This list is sorted by boiling point of gases in ascending order, but can be sorted on different values. "sub" and "triple" refer to the sublimation point and the triple point, which are given in the case of a substance that sublimes at 1 atm; "dec" refers to decomposition. "~" means approximately.
The existence of a critical point was first discovered by Charles Cagniard de la Tour in 1822 [10] [11] and named by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1860 [12] [13] and Thomas Andrews in 1869. [14] Cagniard showed that CO 2 could be liquefied at 31 °C at a pressure of 73 atm, but not at a slightly higher temperature, even under pressures as high as 3000 atm.
In cold cathode tubes, the electric discharge in gas has three regions, with distinct current–voltage characteristics: [1] I: Townsend discharge, below the breakdown voltage. At low voltages, the only current is that due to the generation of charge carriers in the gas by cosmic rays or other sources of ionizing radiation.