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True wind (V T) is the same everywhere in the diagram, whereas boat velocity (V B) and apparent wind (V A) vary with point of sail. Forces on sails result from movement of air that interacts with sails and gives them motive power for sailing craft, including sailing ships, sailboats, windsurfers, ice boats, and sail-powered land vehicles.
Diagram contrasting course made good to windward by tacking a schooner versus a square-rigged ship. Sailing vessels cannot sail directly into the wind. Instead, square-riggers must sail a course that is between 60° and 70° away from the wind direction [76] and fore-and aft vessels can typically sail no closer than 45°. [77]
Sail components include the features that define a sail's shape and function, plus its constituent parts from which it is manufactured. A sail may be classified in a variety of ways, including by its orientation to the vessel (e.g. fore-and-aft) and its shape, (e.g. (a)symmetrical, triangular, quadrilateral, etc.).
Polar diagram comparing the speeds and carrying angles of symmetrical with asymmetrical spinnakers when sailing Two sailboats flying asymmetrical spinnakers beam reaching in light wind On cruising sailboats, a modestly sized asymmetrical spinnaker can be tacked to a centerline bow pulpit, anchor roller or a furled headsail, and can be known by ...
Sailing into the wind is a sailing expression that refers to a sail boat's ability to move forward despite being headed into (or very nearly into) the wind. A sailboat cannot make headway by sailing directly into the wind ( see "Discussion," below); the point of sail into the wind is called " close hauled ".
A Magnus rotor used to propel a ship is called a rotor sail and is mounted with its axis vertical. When the wind blows from the side, the Magnus effect creates a forward thrust. The most common form of rotor sail is the Flettner rotor. [4] [failed verification] The wind does not power the rotor, which is rotated by its own power source.
A sailing vessel heels when the boat leans over to the side in reaction to wind forces on the sails. A sailing vessel's form stability (derived from the shape of the hull and the position of the center of gravity) is the starting point for resisting heeling. Catamarans and iceboats have a wide stance that makes them resistant to heeling.
A wingsail, twin-skin sail [1] or double skin sail [2] is a variable-camber aerodynamic structure that is fitted to a marine vessel in place of conventional sails. Wingsails are analogous to airplane wings , except that they are designed to provide lift on either side to accommodate being on either tack .