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Total parenteral nutrition increases the risk of acute cholecystitis [27] due to complete disuse of the gastrointestinal tract, which may result in bile stasis in the gallbladder. Other potential hepatobiliary dysfunctions include steatosis , [ 28 ] steatohepatitis , cholestasis , and cholelithiasis . [ 29 ]
Staging breast cancer is the initial step to help physicians determine the most appropriate course of treatment. As of 2016, guidelines incorporated biologic factors, such as tumor grade, cellular proliferation rate, estrogen and progesterone receptor expression, human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) expression, and gene expression profiling into the staging system.
Followed by flap dissection for removal of the breast tissue, NAC is preserved during the whole procedure. [7] Breast reconstruction options, such as implant-based or flap-based reconstruction, can be pursued at last. After the surgery, proper monitoring of blood pressure and psychological support are needed. [8]
Mastectomy is the medical term for the surgical removal of one or both breasts, partially or completely.A mastectomy is usually carried out to treat breast cancer. [1] [2] In some cases, women believed to be at high risk of breast cancer choose to have the operation as a preventive measure. [1]
There is preliminary evidence suggesting that negative-pressure wound therapy may be useful in healing complicated breast wounds resulting from surgery. [10] Postoperative pain is common following breast surgery. The incidence of poorly controlled acute postoperative pain following breast cancer surgery ranges between 14.0% to 54.1%. [11]
The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study is a Europe-wide prospective cohort study of the relationships between diet and cancer, as well as other chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease. With over half a million participants, it is the largest study of diet and disease to be undertaken.
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