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The immunoglobulins or antibodies are generally the only proteins present in the normal gamma region. Of note, any protein migrating in the gamma region will be stained and appear on the gel, which may include protein contaminants, artifacts, or certain medications. Depending on whether an agarose or capillary method is used, interferences vary.
Serum total protein, also known as total protein, is a clinical chemistry parameter representing the concentration of protein in serum. [1] Serum contains many proteins including serum albumin, a variety of globulins, and many others. While it is possible to analyze these proteins individually, total protein is a relatively quick and ...
A reference range is usually defined as the set of values 95 percent of the normal population falls within (that is, 95% prediction interval). [2] It is determined by collecting data from vast numbers of laboratory tests. [citation needed]
Blood protein Normal level % Function Albumins: 3.5–5.0 g/dl: 55%: create and maintain osmotic pressure; transport insoluble molecules Globulins: 2.0–2.5 g/dl: 38%: participate in immune system: Fibrinogen: 0.2–0.45 g/dl: 7%: Blood coagulation: Regulatory proteins <1%: Regulation of gene expression Clotting factors <1%: Conversion of ...
The flat surface of the discoid RBCs gives them a large surface area to make contact with and stick to each other; thus forming a rouleau. They occur when the plasma protein concentration is high, and, because of them, the ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) is also increased. This is a nonspecific indicator of the presence of disease.
MCHC can be normal even when hemoglobin production is decreased (such as in iron deficiency) due to a calculation artifact. MCHC can be elevated ("hyperchromic") in hereditary spherocytosis , sickle cell disease and homozygous hemoglobin C disease , depending upon the hemocytometer.
Serum protein electrophoresis showing a paraprotein (spike/peak in the gamma zone) in a patient with multiple myeloma.. A myeloma protein is an abnormal antibody (immunoglobulin) or (more often) a fragment thereof, such as an immunoglobulin light chain, that is produced in excess by an abnormal monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells, typically in multiple myeloma or Monoclonal gammopathy of ...
In contrast, C-reactive protein (with a half-life of 6–8 hours) rises rapidly and can quickly return to within the normal range if treatment is employed. For example, in active systemic lupus erythematosus, one may find a raised ESR but normal C-reactive protein. [citation needed] They may also indicate liver failure. [11]