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Integer programming is NP-complete. In particular, the special case of 0–1 integer linear programming, in which unknowns are binary, and only the restrictions must be satisfied, is one of Karp's 21 NP-complete problems. [1] If some decision variables are not discrete, the problem is known as a mixed-integer programming problem. [2]
In contrast to linear programming, which can be solved efficiently in the worst case, integer programming problems are in many practical situations (those with bounded variables) NP-hard. 0–1 integer programming or binary integer programming (BIP) is the special case of integer programming where variables are required to be 0 or 1 (rather ...
Cutting planes were proposed by Ralph Gomory in the 1950s as a method for solving integer programming and mixed-integer programming problems. However, most experts, including Gomory himself, considered them to be impractical due to numerical instability, as well as ineffective because many rounds of cuts were needed to make progress towards the solution.
The decision version of the TSP (where given a length L, the task is to decide whether the graph has a tour whose length is at most L) belongs to the class of NP-complete problems. Thus, it is possible that the worst-case running time for any algorithm for the TSP increases superpolynomially (but no more than exponentially ) with the number of ...
Given a transformation between input and output values, described by a mathematical function, optimization deals with generating and selecting the best solution from some set of available alternatives, by systematically choosing input values from within an allowed set, computing the output of the function and recording the best output values found during the process.
Version 2.0 of Magma was released in June 1996 and subsequent versions of 2.X have been released approximately once per year. In 2013, the Computational Algebra Group finalized an agreement with the Simons Foundation , whereby the Simons Foundation will underwrite all costs of providing Magma to all U.S. nonprofit , non-governmental scientific ...
All computations are performed in exact integer arithmetic using GMP or imath. Many program analysis techniques are based on integer set manipulations. The integers typically represent iterations of a loop nest or elements of an array. isl uses parametric integer programming to obtain an explicit representation in terms of integer divisions.
In Computers and Intractability [8]: 226 Garey and Johnson list the bin packing problem under the reference [SR1]. They define its decision variant as follows. Instance: Finite set of items, a size () + for each , a positive integer bin capacity , and a positive integer .