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  2. Roth's theorem on arithmetic progressions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roth's_Theorem_on...

    Unfortunately, this technique does not generalize directly to larger arithmetic progressions to prove Szemerédi's theorem. An extension of this proof eluded mathematicians for decades until 1998, when Timothy Gowers developed the field of higher-order Fourier analysis specifically to generalize the above proof to prove Szemerédi's theorem. [5]

  3. Kraft–McMillan inequality - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraft–McMillan_inequality

    If Kraft's inequality holds with strict inequality, the code has some redundancy. If Kraft's inequality holds with equality, the code in question is a complete code. [2] If Kraft's inequality does not hold, the code is not uniquely decodable. For every uniquely decodable code, there exists a prefix code with the same length distribution.

  4. Kac's lemma - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kac's_lemma

    In this case the lemma implies that the smaller is the probability to be in a certain state (or close to it), the longer is the time of return near that state. [ 4 ] In formulas, if A {\displaystyle A} is the region close to the starting point and T R {\displaystyle T_{R}} is the return period, its average value is:

  5. Grönwall's inequality - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grönwall's_inequality

    In mathematics, Grönwall's inequality (also called Grönwall's lemma or the Grönwall–Bellman inequality) allows one to bound a function that is known to satisfy a certain differential or integral inequality by the solution of the corresponding differential or integral equation. There are two forms of the lemma, a differential form and an ...

  6. Sauer–Shelah lemma - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauer–Shelah_lemma

    A different proof of the Sauer–Shelah lemma in its original form, by Péter Frankl and János Pach, is based on linear algebra and the inclusion–exclusion principle. [6] [8] This proof extends to other settings such as families of vector spaces and, more generally, geometric lattices. [5]

  7. Lubell–Yamamoto–Meshalkin inequality - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubell–Yamamoto...

    In combinatorial mathematics, the Lubell–Yamamoto–Meshalkin inequality, more commonly known as the LYM inequality, is an inequality on the sizes of sets in a Sperner family, proved by Bollobás (1965), Lubell (1966), Meshalkin (1963), and Yamamoto (1954).

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