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The smallest asymmetric regular graphs have ten vertices; there exist 10-vertex asymmetric graphs that are 4-regular and 5-regular. [2] [3] One of the five smallest asymmetric cubic graphs [4] is the twelve-vertex Frucht graph discovered in 1939. [5] According to a strengthened version of Frucht's theorem, there are infinitely many asymmetric ...
A drawing of a butterfly with bilateral symmetry, with left and right sides as mirror images of each other.. In geometry, an object has symmetry if there is an operation or transformation (such as translation, scaling, rotation or reflection) that maps the figure/object onto itself (i.e., the object has an invariance under the transform). [1]
A drawing of a graph with 6 vertices and 7 edges. In mathematics and computer science, graph theory is the study of graphs, which are mathematical structures used to model pairwise relations between objects. A graph in this context is made up of vertices (also called nodes or points) which are connected by edges (also called arcs, links or lines).
This drawing of the Petersen graph displays a subgroup of its symmetries, isomorphic to the dihedral group D 5, but the graph has additional symmetries that are not present in the drawing. For example, since the graph is symmetric, all edges are equivalent. The easier problem of testing whether a graph has any symmetries (nontrivial ...
The vertex-connectivity of a symmetric graph is always equal to the degree d. [3] In contrast, for vertex-transitive graphs in general, the vertex-connectivity is bounded below by 2(d + 1)/3. [2] A t-transitive graph of degree 3 or more has girth at least 2(t – 1). However, there are no finite t-transitive graphs of degree 3 or more for t ≥ 8.
ability to draw the 1st and 2nd derivative and the integral of a plot function; support user-defined constants and parameter values; various tools for plot functions: find minimum/maximum point, get y-value and draw the area between the function and the y-axis
For a simple graph with vertex set U = {u 1, …, u n}, the adjacency matrix is a square n × n matrix A such that its element A ij is 1 when there is an edge from vertex u i to vertex u j, and 0 when there is no edge. [1]
Symmetry breaking in pitchfork bifurcation as the parameter ε is varied. ε = 0 is the case of symmetric pitchfork bifurcation.. In a dynamical system such as ¨ + (;) + =, which is structurally stable when , if a bifurcation diagram is plotted, treating as the bifurcation parameter, but for different values of , the case = is the symmetric pitchfork bifurcation.