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According to the Sankhya, Yoga, and two sub-schools of Vedanta, the proper means of knowledge must rely on these three pramanas: [10] [55] Pratyakṣa — perception; Anumāna — inference; Śabda — testimony/word of reliable experts; These are enumerated in sutra I.7 of the Yoga Sutras. The mode of Pramana itself in sutra I.6 is ...
Samkhya or Sankhya (/ ˈ s ɑː ŋ k j ə /; Sanskrit: सांख्य, romanized: sāṃkhya) is a dualistic orthodox school of Hindu philosophy. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It views reality as composed of two independent principles, Puruṣa (' consciousness ' or spirit) and Prakṛti (nature or matter, including the human mind and emotions).
The first chapter (the svarthanumana chapter) discusses the structure and types of formal inference and the apoha (exclusion) theory of meaning. Dan Arnold writes that apoha is: "the idea that concepts are more precise or determinate (more contentful) just to the extent that they exclude more from their purview; the scope of cat is narrower than that of mammal just insofar as the former ...
Pratyaksha (Sanskrit: Sanskrit: प्रत्यक्ष IAST: pratyakṣa) literally means that which is perceptible to the eye or visible; in general usage, it refers to being present, present before the eye (i.e. within the range of sight), cognizable by any sense organ, distinct, evident, clear, direct, immediate, explicit, corporeal; it is a pramāṇa, or mode of proof. [1]
It describes the philosophy of the Samkhya school. The edition that survives in modern times is dated to the 14th century. [5] [6]The text consists of six chapters. The first three describe core Samkhya doctrines, the fourth chapter describes stories for illustration of the doctrines, the fifth reviews arguments and challenge by rival Indian philosophies particularly Buddhism on one side and ...
Pramana – Journal of Physics, was launched in July 1973.Pramana (which in Sanskrit means "source of valid knowledge, a standard") is the outcome of a nationwide effort by Indian physicists to disseminate their best efforts in physics.
In Samkhya, pradhāna (Sanskrit: प्रधान) is the "primal matter," "the first principle from which all material things have evolved. [1] It is an alternate term for prakriti ('material nature' and material desires) in a state of equilibrium of the three gunas – sattva, rajas and tamas, the three modes of prakrti.
Para is a Sanskrit word that means "higher" in some contexts, and "highest or supreme" in others. [3] Brahman in Hinduism connotes the Absolute, the Ultimate Reality in the universe. [4] [5] In major schools of Hindu philosophy it is the immaterial, efficient, formal and final cause of all that exists.