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A microcontroller (MC, UC, or μC) or microcontroller unit (MCU) is a small computer on a single integrated circuit. A microcontroller contains one or more CPUs ( processor cores ) along with memory and programmable input/output peripherals.
Computer network engineering is a technology discipline within engineering that deals with the design, implementation, and management of computer networks. These systems contain both physical components, such as routers , switches, cables, and some logical elements, such as protocols and network services .
Computer networks engineering is the field dedicated to the design, development and management of interconnected computer systems that facilitate data communication and resource sharing. It encompasses protocols, hardware, and software to ensure reliable and secure connectivity.
An internetwork is the connection of multiple different types of computer networks to form a single computer network using higher-layer network protocols and connecting them together using routers. The Internet is the largest example of internetwork. It is a global system of interconnected governmental, academic, corporate, public, and private ...
Various older (EPROM) PIC microcontrollers. The original PIC was intended to be used with General Instrument's new CP1600 16-bit central processing unit (CPU). In order to fit 16-bit data and address buses into a then-standard 40-pin dual inline package (DIP) chip, the two buses shared the same set of 16 connection pins.
The STM32 family of microcontroller ICs is based on various 32-bit RISC ARM Cortex-M cores. [1] STMicroelectronics licenses the ARM Processor IP from ARM Holdings and integrates them with custom-designed peripherals to create complete microcontroller solutions.
At reset, the bootloader runs first and does some user-programmed determination whether to re-program or to jump to the main application. The code can re-program through any interface available, or it could read an encrypted binary through an Ethernet adapter like PXE. Atmel has application notes and code pertaining to many bus interfaces.
A hardware abstraction layer (HAL) is an abstraction layer, implemented in software, between the physical hardware of a computer and the software that runs on that computer. . Its function is to hide differences in hardware from most of the operating system kernel, so that most of the kernel-mode code does not need to be changed to run on systems with different hardwa