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  2. Normalization (statistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normalization_(statistics)

    In another usage in statistics, normalization refers to the creation of shifted and scaled versions of statistics, where the intention is that these normalized values allow the comparison of corresponding normalized values for different datasets in a way that eliminates the effects of certain gross influences, as in an anomaly time series. Some ...

  3. Feature scaling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_scaling

    Feature standardization makes the values of each feature in the data have zero-mean (when subtracting the mean in the numerator) and unit-variance. This method is widely used for normalization in many machine learning algorithms (e.g., support vector machines, logistic regression, and artificial neural networks).

  4. Numeric precision in Microsoft Excel - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeric_precision_in...

    Excel's storage of numbers in binary format also affects its accuracy. [3] To illustrate, the lower figure tabulates the simple addition 1 + x − 1 for several values of x. All the values of x begin at the 15 th decimal, so Excel must take them into account. Before calculating the sum 1 + x, Excel first approximates x as a binary number

  5. Orders of magnitude (data) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(data)

    The byte has been a commonly used unit of measure for much of the information age to refer to a number of bits. In the early days of computing, it was used for differing numbers of bits based on convention and computer hardware design, but today means 8 bits. A more accurate, but less commonly used name for 8 bits is octet.

  6. Normalization (machine learning) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normalization_(machine...

    Query-Key normalization (QKNorm) [32] normalizes query and key vectors to have unit L2 norm. In nGPT , many vectors are normalized to have unit L2 norm: [ 33 ] hidden state vectors, input and output embedding vectors, weight matrix columns, and query and key vectors.

  7. Root mean square deviation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_mean_square_deviation

    In fluid dynamics, normalized root mean square deviation (NRMSD), coefficient of variation (CV), and percent RMS are used to quantify the uniformity of flow behavior such as velocity profile, temperature distribution, or gas species concentration. The value is compared to industry standards to optimize the design of flow and thermal equipment ...

  8. Normalized frequency (signal processing) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normalized_frequency...

    The normalized quantity, ′ =, has the unit cycle per sample regardless of whether the original signal is a function of time or distance. For example, when f {\displaystyle f} is expressed in Hz ( cycles per second ), f s {\displaystyle f_{s}} is expressed in samples per second .

  9. Quantile normalization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantile_normalization

    To quantile normalize two or more distributions to each other, without a reference distribution, sort as before, then set to the average (usually, arithmetic mean) of the distributions. So the highest value in all cases becomes the mean of the highest values, the second highest value becomes the mean of the second highest values, and so on.