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[4] One measure of alternative fuels in the U.S. is the "gasoline-equivalent gallon" (GEG). In 2002, the U.S. used as motor fuel, ethanol equal to 137,000 terajoules (3.8 × 10 10 kWh), the energy equivalent of 1.13 billion US gallons (4.3 gigalitres) of gasoline. This was less than 1% of the total fuel used that year.
Assuming initial atmospheric conditions (1 bar and 20 °C), the following table [1] lists the flame temperature for various fuels under constant pressure conditions. The temperatures mentioned here are for a stoichiometric fuel-oxidizer mixture (i.e. equivalence ratio φ = 1).
160.7 J/(mol K) [5] Heat capacity, c p: 111.46 J/(mol K) [5] Liquid properties Std enthalpy change of formation, Δ f H o liquid: −277.38 kJ/mol Standard molar entropy, S o liquid: 159.9 J/(mol K) Enthalpy of combustion, Δ c H o: −1370.7 kJ/mol Heat capacity, c p: 112.4 J/(mol K) Gas properties Std enthalpy change of formation, Δ f H o ...
203.55 K: −69.6 °C: −93.3 °F: Coldest officially recorded air temperature in the Northern Hemisphere at Klinck AWS, Greenland (Denmark) on 1991-12-22 [24] 205.5 K: −67.7 °C: −89.9 °F: Coldest officially recorded air temperature on the Eurasian continent at Oymyakon, USSR on 6 February 1933 [25] [full citation needed] 210 K: −63 ...
Small granite pillars have failed under loads that averaged out to about 1.43 ⋅ 10 8 Newtons/meter 2 and this kind of rock has a sonic speed of about 5.6 ± 0.3 ⋅ 10 3 m/sec (stp), a density of about 2.7 g/cm 3 and specific heat ranging from about 0.2 to 0.3 cal/g °C through the temperature interval 100-1000 °C [Stowe pages 41 & 59 and ...
4.5×10 9 J: Average annual energy usage of a standard refrigerator [142] [143] 6.1×10 9 J: ≈ 1 bboe (barrel of oil equivalent) [144] 10 10 1.9×10 10 J: Kinetic energy of an Airbus A380 at cruising speed (560 tonnes at 511 knots or 263 m/s) 4.2×10 10 J: ≈ 1 toe (ton of oil equivalent) [144] 4.6×10 10 J
For gases, departure from 3 R per mole of atoms is generally due to two factors: (1) failure of the higher quantum-energy-spaced vibration modes in gas molecules to be excited at room temperature, and (2) loss of potential energy degree of freedom for small gas molecules, simply because most of their atoms are not bonded maximally in space to ...
Group → 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18; ↓ Period 1: H 2 20.271 K (−252.879 °C) He 4.222 K (−268.928 °C) 2: Li 1603 K (1330 °C) Be 2742 K ...