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Avoidance coping is measured via a self-reported questionnaire. Initially, the Multidimensional Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire (MEAQ) was used, which is a 62-item questionnaire that assesses experiential avoidance, and thus avoidance coping, by measuring how many avoidant behaviors a person exhibits and how strongly they agree with each statement on a scale of 1–6. [1]
Distress is an inextricable part of life; therefore, avoidance is often only a temporary solution. Avoidance reinforces the notion that discomfort, distress and anxiety are bad, or dangerous. Sustaining avoidance often requires effort and energy. Avoidance limits one's focus at the expense of fully experiencing what is going on in the present.
Avoidant personality disorder (AvPD), or anxious personality disorder, is a cluster C personality disorder characterized by excessive social anxiety and inhibition, fear of intimacy (despite an intense desire for it), severe feelings of inadequacy and inferiority, and an overreliance on avoidance of feared stimuli (e.g., self-imposed social isolation) as a maladaptive coping method. [1]
Two examples of assessments developed to measure safety behaviors performed by people with social anxiety are the Social Behavior Questionnaire and the Subtle Avoidance Frequency Examination. [ 2 ] [ 27 ] An assessment developed to measure safety behaviors performed by people with panic disorder is the Texas Safety Maneuver Scale.
Fear-avoidance model. The fear-avoidance model (or FA model) is a psychiatric model that describes how individuals develop and maintain chronic musculoskeletal pain as a result of attentional processes and avoidant behavior based on pain-related fear.
The responses generally take the form of avoidant or prophylactic behaviors. [38] [39] These can include restricted sexual attitudes, [40] [41] [42] positivity towards condom use, [43] and avoidance of people with cues associated with illness. [29] [44] Proactive responses occur in response to the long-term and persistent threat of pathogens. [26]
Gray's biopsychological theory of personality is a model of the general biological processes relevant for human psychology, behavior, and personality, proposed by research psychologist Jeffrey Alan Gray in 1970. The theory is well-supported by subsequent research and has general acceptance among professionals.
In this regard, patients' avoidance behaviors can become reinforced – a concept defined by the tenets of operant conditioning. Thus, the goal of systematic desensitization is to overcome avoidance by gradually exposing patients to the phobic stimulus, until that stimulus can be tolerated. [3]