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Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (also PFAS, [1] PFASs, [2] and sometimes referred to as "forever chemicals" [3] [4]) are a group of synthetic organofluorine chemical compounds that have multiple fluorine atoms attached to an alkyl chain; there are 7 million such chemicals according to PubChem. [5]
It is used as a surfactant and protective coating in applications such as aqueous firefighting foams, textile coating, metal plating and in polishing agents. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] PFHxS production is slowly being phased out since 3M stopped producing C 6 fluorotelomers in 2002, but production by other companies may be ongoing. [ 4 ]
Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid is usually used as the sodium or potassium salts. PFOS was the key ingredient in Scotchgard, a fabric protector made by 3M, and numerous stain repellents. PFOS, together with PFOA, has also been used to make aqueous film forming foam (AFFF), a component of fire-fighting foams, and alcohol-type concentrate foams.
Remediation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances refers to the destruction or removal of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) from the environment. PFASs are a group of synthetic organofluorine compounds, used in diverse products such as non-stick cookware and firefighting foams, that have attracted great concern as persistent organic pollutants.
Trifluoroacetic acid is a widely employed acid, used for example in the synthesis of peptides.Its esters are useful in analytical chemistry. Longer-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids, e.g. with five to nine carbons, are useful fluorosurfactants and emulsifiers used in the production of polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) and related fluoropolymers.
Generally, PFPEs may be used as lubricant in all sorts of bearing, plug valves, gaskets, chains, and joint bearing applications, where oxygen inertness of a material is a requirement. [ 6 ] [ 8 ] Examples include aircraft fuel systems, mechanical components of devices used in airspace , deep space or high vacuum and at cryogenic temperatures.
Pentafluorophenol, a perfluorinated compound.. A perfluorinated compound (PFC) or perfluoro compound is an organofluorine compound that lacks C-H bonds. Many perfluorinated compounds have properties that are quite different from their C-H containing analogues.
Perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) is a fluorosurfactant and has been used in industry. [2] PFDA is a member of the group of polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), more specific is it also a perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA). PFAS, like PFDA, are man-made and are not naturally occurring in nature.