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Non-freezing cold injuries (NFCI) is a class of tissue damage caused by sustained exposure to low temperature without actual freezing. [1] There are several forms of NFCI, and the common names may refer to the circumstances in which they commonly occur or were first described, such as trench foot, which was named after its association with trench warfare.
The pathological mechanism by which frostbite causes body tissue injury can be characterized by four stages: Prefreeze, freeze-thaw, vascular stasis, and the late ischemic stage. [16] Prefreeze phase: involves the cooling of tissues without ice crystal formation. [16] Freeze-thaw phase: ice-crystals form, resulting in cellular damage and death ...
Cold injury (or cold weather injury) is damage to the body from cold exposure, including hypothermia and several skin injuries. [6] Cold-related skin injuries are categorized into freezing and nonfreezing cold injuries. [5] Freezing cold injuries involve tissue damage when exposed to temperatures below freezing (less than 0 degrees Celsius).
The complications of diabetes can dramatically impair quality of life and cause long-lasting disability. Overall, complications are far less common and less severe in people with well-controlled blood sugar levels. [3] [4] [5] Some non-modifiable risk factors such as age at diabetes onset, type of diabetes, gender, and genetics may influence risk.
Such causes are classified as "E codes" in ICD 9. [1] External Cause of Injury Codes (E codes) are ICD-9-CM codes or ICD-10 codes that are used to define the mechanism of death or injury, along with the place of occurrence of the event. E codes are assigned on death certificates based on the manner of death. ICD-10 codes in the range V01–X59 ...
The legs and face are the most common sites involved, although cellulitis can occur on any part of the body. [1] The leg is typically affected following a break in the skin. [1] Other risk factors include obesity, leg swelling, and old age. [1] For facial infections, a break in the skin beforehand is not usually the case. [1]
The mean age of onset since diagnosis of diabetes is fifteen years. The female:male ratio is 1.3:1. The female:male ratio is 1.3:1. Other diabetic complications such as nephropathy , neuropathy , retinopathy and hypertension are usually present.
The most frequent cause of hospitalization for diabetic patients is due to foot infections. [3] Symptoms may include pus from a wound, redness, swelling, pain, warmth, tachycardia, or tachypnea. [4] Complications can include infection of the bone, tissue death, amputation, or sepsis. [2] They are common and occur equally frequently in males and ...