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The two-step flow of communication model hypothesizes that ideas flow from mass media to opinion leaders, and from them to a wider population. It was first introduced by sociologist Paul Lazarsfeld et al. in 1944 [4] and elaborated by Elihu Katz and Lazarsfeld in 1955 [5] and subsequent publications. [6]
This theory accounts more for the social nature of sharing information than the one-step or two-step flow theories. [2] The two-step theory was popular when it was first introduced, but when it became difficult to actually measure opinion leaders' influence on the public's behavior and their opinions, the multi-step theory was developed. The ...
Opinion leaders play an important role in information flow, because people tend to seek advice from others in the social environment. Information from the mass media does not directly flow to the target audiences, but through a mediation process, in which influential people digest the information and spread it to the public. Opinion leaders ...
For example, empirical studies have found that in Twitter networks, traditional mass media outlets receive 80–90% of their Twitter mentions directly through a direct one-step flow from average Twitter users. [18] However, these same studies also argue that there is a multitude of step-flow models at work in today's digital communication ...
Subsequent work in the social sciences employed a variety of methods to assess the media’s power to change attitudes and behaviors such as voting and violence. Sociologists Elihu Katz and Paul Lazarsfeld introduced the concept of a two-step flow in communication, which suggested that media influence was moderated by opinion leaders. [4]
Supporting this view, other theories combine the concepts of active audience theory and the effects model, such as the two-step flow theory where Katz and Lazarsfeld argue that persuasive media texts are filtered through opinion leaders who are in a position to 'influence' the targeted audience through social networks and peer groups.
The content is the information about the event. The last step belongs again to the horizontal dimension: the audience perceives and interprets the message about the event. [133] [131] [130] All these steps are creative processes that select some features to be included. [130] For example, the event is never perceived in its entirety.
Annotated information flow diagram. An information flow diagram (IFD) is a diagram that shows how information is communicated (or "flows") from a source to a receiver or target (e.g. A→C), through some medium. [1]: 36–39 The medium acts as a bridge, a means of transmitting the information. Examples of media include word of mouth, radio ...