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The first part of Einstein's argument was to determine how far a Brownian particle travels in a given time interval. [3] Classical mechanics is unable to determine this distance because of the enormous number of bombardments a Brownian particle will undergo, roughly of the order of 10 14 collisions per second. [2]
The higher-order derivatives are less common than the first three; [1] [2] thus their names are not as standardized, though the concept of a minimum snap trajectory has been used in robotics. [ 3 ] The fourth derivative is referred to as snap , leading the fifth and sixth derivatives to be "sometimes somewhat facetiously" [ 4 ] called crackle ...
Another method to describe the motion of a Brownian particle was described by Langevin, now known for its namesake as the Langevin equation.) (,) = (,), given the initial condition (, =) = (); where () is the position of the particle at some given time, is the tagged particle's initial position, and is the diffusion constant with the S.I. units ...
Consider the ratio formed by dividing the difference of two positions of a particle (displacement) by the time interval. This ratio is called the average velocity over that time interval and is defined as ¯ = = ^ + ^ + ^ = ¯ ^ + ¯ ^ + ¯ ^ where is the displacement vector during the time interval .
Absement changes as an object remains displaced and stays constant as the object resides at the initial position. It is the first time-integral of the displacement [3] [4] (i.e. absement is the area under a displacement vs. time graph), so the displacement is the rate of change (first time-derivative) of the absement.
There are two main descriptions of motion: dynamics and kinematics.Dynamics is general, since the momenta, forces and energy of the particles are taken into account. In this instance, sometimes the term dynamics refers to the differential equations that the system satisfies (e.g., Newton's second law or Euler–Lagrange equations), and sometimes to the solutions to those equations.
The expression in brackets is a total or material derivative as mentioned above, [74] in which the first term indicates how the function being differentiated changes over time at a fixed location, and the second term captures how a moving particle will see different values of that function as it travels from place to place: [+ ()] = [+] =.
As shown above in the Displacement section, the horizontal and vertical velocity of a projectile are independent of each other. Because of this, we can find the time to reach a target using the displacement formula for the horizontal velocity: = ()