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Sunscreen, also known as sunblock, [a] sun lotion or sun cream, is a photoprotective topical product for the skin that helps protect against sunburn and prevent skin cancer. Sunscreens come as lotions , sprays, gels, foams (such as an expanded foam lotion or whipped lotion [ 4 ] ), sticks, powders and other topical products.
Ensulizole (INN; [1] also known as phenylbenzimidazole sulfonic acid) is a common sunscreen agent. In 1999, the United States Food and Drug Administration regulated that the name ensulizole be used on sunscreen labels in the United States. Ensulizole is primarily a UVB protecting agent providing only minimal UVA protection.
According to some studies, "the most effective sunscreens contain avobenzone and titanium dioxide." [ 30 ] [ 31 ] Avobenzone can degrade faster in light in combination with mineral UV absorbers like zinc oxide and titanium dioxide, though with the right coating of the mineral particles this reaction can be reduced. [ 32 ]
It is in rutile crystal structure and coated with silica or/and alumina to prevent photocatalytic phenomena. The health risks of ultrafine TiO 2 from dermal exposure on intact skin are considered extremely low, [1] and it is considered safer than other substances used for ultraviolet protection. However titanium dioxide is a known carcinogen. [2]
[3] [4] These standards are complemented by existing sunscreen regulatory bodies such as the FDA that regulate the efficacy of the sunscreen, safety and permitted ingredients. Generally speaking, sunscreen has photo-protective properties that reduce the risk of skin cancer and ageing with relation to the SPF value and proper application. [5] [6]
Due to toxicity and environmental concerns, the percentage of sunscreen products on the market containing oxybenzone in the USA dropped to 13% in 2023 from 60% in 2019. [16] Some brands market their sunscreens as "oxybenzone free" [17] due to the generally negative perception of benzophenones by both the consuming public and scientific researchers.
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