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  2. Old French - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_French

    Old French gave way to Middle French in the mid-14th century, paving the way for early French Renaissance literature of the 15th century. The earliest extant French literary texts date from the ninth century, but very few texts before the 11th century have survived. The first literary works written in Old French were saints' lives.

  3. French orthography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_orthography

    French orthography encompasses the spelling and punctuation of the French language.It is based on a combination of phonemic and historical principles. The spelling of words is largely based on the pronunciation of Old French c. 1100 –1200 AD, and has stayed more or less the same since then, despite enormous changes to the pronunciation of the language in the intervening years.

  4. France in the Middle Ages - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages

    The Kingdom of France in the Middle Ages (roughly, from the 10th century to the middle of the 15th century) was marked by the fragmentation of the Carolingian Empire and West Francia (843–987); the expansion of royal control by the House of Capet (987–1328), including their struggles with the virtually independent principalities (duchies and counties, such as the Norman and Angevin regions ...

  5. Rare ‘treasure box’ of French letters opened and read after ...

    www.aol.com/rare-treasure-box-french-letters...

    More than 100 letters that never reached the crew of a French warship have been read for the first time since they were sent 265 years ago. Rare ‘treasure box’ of French letters opened and ...

  6. Scribal abbreviation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation

    After 15th century alone ꝛ et (being similar to ⁊) and alone with line above ꝛ̄ etiam. After u and a at the end of a word ( uꝛ , aꝛ ) m , after s – sꝛ , ſꝛ et or ed . Stacked or superscript letters

  7. Medieval French literature - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_French_literature

    The prose satire Les XV [Quinze] joies de mariage (The Fifteen Joys of Marriage, first published 1480–90, written perhaps in the early 15th century, and attributed variously to Antoine de la Sale, Gilles Bellemère the bishop of Avignon, and many others) is a riotous critique of wives, but it also provides important insight into the economic ...

  8. List of French painters - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_French_painters

    2.1 15th century. 2.2 16th century. 2.3 17th century. 2.4 18th century. 2.5 ... This is a list of French painters sorted alphabetically and by the century in which ...

  9. Gilles de Rais - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_de_Rais

    Champtocé castle tower ruins. Gilles de Rais (or "Retz"), [a] the eldest son of Marie de Craon and Guy de Laval-Rais, descended from a number of great feudal houses. [5] Through his mother, he was linked to the House of Craon, a wealthy western family, and through his father to the Laval family, [6] one of the two most important Breton lineages in the 15th century. [7]