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The Common Language Runtime (CLR), the virtual machine component of Microsoft.NET Framework, manages the execution of .NET programs. Just-in-time compilation converts the managed code (compiled intermediate language code) into machine instructions which are then executed on the CPU of the computer. [1]
The core components include the C# compiler, the virtual machine for the Common Language Infrastructure and the core class libraries. These components are based on the Ecma-334 and Ecma-335 standards, [27] allowing Mono to provide a standards compliant, free and open-source CLI virtual machine.
The first version of the .NET Framework was released on 15 January 2002 for Windows 98, ME, NT 4.0, 2000, and XP.Mainstream support for this version ended on 10 July 2007, and extended support ended on 14 July 2009, with the exception of Windows XP Media Center and Tablet PC editions.
Thanks to the hosting virtual machine, different languages that are compliant with the .NET Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) can operate on the same kind of data structures. These languages can therefore use the FCL and other .NET libraries that are also written in one of the CLI compliant languages.
The CLR is an application virtual machine that provides services such as security, memory management, and exception handling. As such, computer code written using .NET Framework is called "managed code". FCL and CLR together constitute the .NET Framework.
The Virtual Execution System (VES) is a run-time system of the Common Language Infrastructure CLI which provides an environment for executing managed code.It provides direct support for a set of built-in data types, defines a hypothetical machine with an associated machine model and state, a set of control flow constructs, and an exception handling model.
The name LLVM originally stood for Low Level Virtual Machine. However, the project has since expanded, and the name is no longer an acronym but an orphan initialism. [7] LLVM is written in C++ and is designed for compile-time, link-time, runtime, and "idle-time" optimization.
C# has explicit support for covariance and contravariance in generic types, [16]: 144 [20]: 23 unlike C++ which has some degree of support for contravariance simply through the semantics of return types on virtual methods. Enumeration members are placed in their own scope. The C# language does not allow for global variables or functions.