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Since brain circuits are vulnerable in early childhood, early stressors may impact the development of necessary brain connections. [4] Therefore, the theory of toxic stress is that stress might alter or impair brain circuit formation and essentially result in a small brain size in young children. [4]
Parental experience, as well as changing hormone levels during pregnancy and postpartum, cause changes in the parental brain. [1] Displaying maternal sensitivity towards infant cues, processing those cues and being motivated to engage socially with her infant and attend to the infant's needs in any context could be described as mothering ...
Studies that examine the cognitive development of children stress the importance of brain development and the presence of a stimulating environment to develop cognitive skills. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] The rapid brain development in the first years of life is primarily responsible for the infants' ability to process visual information, tactile information ...
Exposure to stress during the process of pregnancy affects fetal brain development and predisposes offspring to the development of a multitude of mental disorders. [17] Many studies have found that there is an association between ADHD and lessened functioning within the prefrontal cortex (PFC).
[1]: 25 Prenatal factors that affect or interfere with the interaction of these hormones on the developing brain can influence later sex-typed behavior in children. [ 1 ] : 24 This hypothesis is originated from experimental studies in non-human mammals, yet the argument that similar effects can be seen in human neurobehavioral development is a ...
Maternal fetal stress transfer is a physiological phenomenon in which psychosocial stress experienced by a mother during her pregnancy can be transferred to the fetus. Psychosocial stress describes the brain's physiological response to perceived social threat. Because of a link in blood supply between a mother and fetus, it has been found that ...
The increased levels of these hormones during breastfeeding have a beneficial effect on the mother's mental health. [1] [4] [5] [3] When exposed to physical or psychological stress, breastfeeding mothers also have a reduced cortisol response due to decreased production of stress hormones and improvements in their sleep.
Brain areas that undergo significant post-natal development, such as those involved in memory and emotion are more vulnerable to effects of early life stress. [ 58 ] [ 64 ] For example, the hippocampus continues to develop after birth and is a structure that is affected by childhood maltreatment. [ 64 ]