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Since brain circuits are vulnerable in early childhood, early stressors may impact the development of necessary brain connections. [4] Therefore, the theory of toxic stress is that stress might alter or impair brain circuit formation and essentially result in a small brain size in young children. [4]
During times of stress, the body reacts by secreting stress hormones into the bloodstream. Stress can cause acute and chronic changes in certain brain areas which can cause long-term damage. [4] Over-secretion of stress hormones most frequently impairs long-term delayed recall memory, but can enhance short-term, immediate recall memory.
Maternal fetal stress transfer is a physiological phenomenon in which psychosocial stress experienced by a mother during her pregnancy can be transferred to the fetus. Psychosocial stress describes the brain's physiological response to perceived social threat. Because of a link in blood supply between a mother and fetus, it has been found that ...
Older infants also prefer the smell of their mother to that of others. [84] Touch and feel is one of the better-developed senses at birth as it is one of the first senses to develop inside the womb. [98] This is evidenced by the primitive reflexes described above, and the relatively advanced development of the somatosensory cortex. [99]
The increased levels of these hormones during breastfeeding have a beneficial effect on the mother's mental health. [1] [4] [5] [3] When exposed to physical or psychological stress, breastfeeding mothers also have a reduced cortisol response due to decreased production of stress hormones and improvements in their sleep.
Parental experience, as well as changing hormone levels during pregnancy and postpartum, cause changes in the parental brain. [1] Displaying maternal sensitivity towards infant cues, processing those cues and being motivated to engage socially with her infant and attend to the infant's needs in any context could be described as mothering ...
However, if the brain interprets an external stress demand as more urgent, it may supersede the immune and inflammatory responses and stimulate release of immune-suppressing stress hormones such as ACTH and cortisol. Once the stressor is resolved, the body resumes to amounting an adequate immune and inflammatory response, which may explain why ...
Stress hormones are secreted by endocrine glands to modify one's internal environment during the times of stress. [1] By performing various functions such as mobilizing energy sources, increasing heart rate, and downregulating metabolic processes which are not immediately necessary, stress hormones promote the survival of the organism . [ 1 ]