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Valentinus (Greek: Οὐαλεντῖνος; c. 100 – c. 180 CE) was the best known and, for a time, most successful early Christian Gnostic theologian. [1] He founded his school in Rome. According to Tertullian, Valentinus was a candidate for bishop but started his own group when another was chosen. [2]
Valentinus was born in approximately 100 AD and died in Alexandria circa 180 AD. [4] According to the Christian scholar Epiphanius of Salamis, he was born in Egypt and schooled in Alexandria, where the Gnostic Basilides was teaching.
Valentinus believed in a form of predestination, in his view humans are born into one of three natures, depending on which elements prevail in the person. In the views of Valentinus, a person born with a bad nature can never be saved because they are too inclined into evil, some people have a nature which is a mixture of good and evil, thus ...
Axionicus (Ancient Greek: Ἀξιόνικος) of Antioch was a Gnostic associated with Valentinianism.He was a contemporary of Heracleon and Ptolemy, and was mentioned as still living in Tertullian's work Adversus Valentinianos, so we know he lived around the late 2nd and early 3rd century CE.
Irenaeus declares it one of the works of the disciples of "Valentinus", and the similarity of the work to others thought to be by Valentinus and his followers has made many scholars agree. [3] But the followers of Valentinus, putting away all fear, bring forward their own compositions and boast that they have more Gospels than really exist.
Valentinian was born in 321 at Cibalae (now Vinkovci, Croatia) in southern Pannonia [4] [5] into a family of Illyro-Roman origin. [6] Valentinian and his younger brother Valens were the sons of Gratianus (nicknamed Funarius), a military officer renowned for his wrestling skills.
The Chronograph, Chronography, or Calendar of 354 is a compilation of chronological and calendrical texts produced in 354 AD for a wealthy Roman Christian named Valentinus by the calligrapher and illustrator Furius Dionysius Filocalus. The original illustrated manuscript is lost, but several copies have survived.
While Eusebius of Caesarea mentions that Valentinus taught a trinity in his work 'on the three natures', this was likely a trinity of natures in one godhead rather than three persons. Paul Linjamaa argues that ethically, the Tripartite Tractate is "an example of early Christian determinism ."