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The original betaine, N,N,N-trimethylglycine, was named after its discovery in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris) in the nineteenth century. [4] It is a small N-trimethylated amino acid. It is a zwitterion, which cannot isomerize because there is no labile hydrogen atom attached to the nitrogen atom.
Trimethylglycine is an amino acid derivative with the formula (CH 3) 3 N + CH 2 CO − 2.A colorless, water-soluble solid, it occurs in plants. [5] Trimethylglycine is a zwitterion: the molecule contains both a quaternary ammonium group and a carboxylate group.
Osmoprotectants can be placed in three chemical classes: betaines and associated molecules, sugars and polyols, and amino acids. These molecules accumulate in cells and balance the osmotic difference between the cell's surroundings and the cytosol. [2]
Despite the name cocamidopropyl betaine, the molecule is not synthesized from betaine. Instead it is produced in a two-step manner, beginning with the reaction of dimethylaminopropylamine (DMAPA) with fatty acids from coconut or palm kernel oil (lauric acid, or its methyl ester, is the main constituent). The primary amine in DMAPA is more ...
An amino acid contains both acidic (carboxylic acid fragment) and basic (amine fragment) centres. The isomer on the right is a zwitterion. Tautomerism of amino acids follows this stoichiometry: RCH(NH 2)CO 2 H ⇌ RCH(N + H 3)CO − 2. The ratio of the concentrations of the two species in solution is independent of pH.
Sarcosine is an amino acid derivative that is naturally found in muscles and other body tissues. In the laboratory, it may be synthesized from chloroacetic acid and methylamine . Sarcosine is an intermediate in the metabolism of choline to glycine .
Whether it’s for breakfast, lunch, dinner, or a high-protein snack, experts share what 30 grams of protein looks like for eggs, ground turkey, beans, and more.
Natural osmolytes that can act as osmoprotectants include trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), dimethylsulfoniopropionate, sarcosine, betaine, glycerophosphorylcholine, myo-inositol, taurine, glycine, and others. [5] [6] Bacteria accumulate osmolytes for protection against a high osmotic environment. [7]