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Copper-free click chemistry is a bioorthogonal reaction first developed by Carolyn Bertozzi as an activated variant of an azide alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition, based on the work by Karl Barry Sharpless et al. Unlike CuAAC, Cu-free click chemistry has been modified to be bioorthogonal by eliminating a cytotoxic copper catalyst, allowing reaction ...
Orthogonal ligand-protein pairs (also known as re-engineered ligand-receptor interfaces or re-engineered enzyme-substrate interactions) are a protein-ligand binding pair made to be independent of the original binding pair. This is done by taking a mutant protein (naturally occurring or selectively engineered), which is activated by a different ...
Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging (OPS imaging) is a method for imaging small blood vessels [1] in tissue like the nail bed or lip. It uses a light source of linearly polarized light with a wavelength of 550 nanometers , an isosbestic point for hemoglobin , thus imaging the erythrocytes as they are flowing through the small blood vessels.
Blood compatibility testing is routinely performed before a blood transfusion.The full compatibility testing process involves ABO and RhD (Rh factor) typing; screening for antibodies against other blood group systems; and crossmatching, which involves testing the recipient's blood plasma against the donor's red blood cells as a final check for incompatibility.
The more drug there is in the sample, the more free enzyme there will be, and the increased enzyme activity causes a change in color. [ 2 ] : 70 Determination of drug levels in serum is particularly important when the difference in the concentrations needed to produce a therapeutic effect and adverse side reactions (the therapeutic window ) is ...
A ligand binding assay (LBA) is an assay, or an analytic procedure, which relies on the binding of ligand molecules to receptors, antibodies or other macromolecules. [1] A detection method is used to determine the presence and amount of the ligand-receptor complexes formed, and this is usually determined electrochemically or through a fluorescence detection method. [2]
These combinations are chosen to satisfy two conditions. First, the total amount of s and p orbital contributions must be equivalent before and after hybridisation. Second, the hybrid orbitals must be orthogonal to each other. [27] [28] If two hybrid orbitals were not orthogonal, by definition they would have nonzero orbital overlap. Electrons ...
An example is cyclopropane which, because of its planar geometry, has six fully eclipsed carbon and axial hydrogen bonds making the strain 116 kJ/mol (27.7 kcal/mol). [5] Strain can also be decreased when the carbon-carbon bond angles are close or at the preferred bond angle of 109.5°, meaning a ring having six tetrahedral carbons is typically ...