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Vincenty's formulae. Vincenty's formulae are two related iterative methods used in geodesy to calculate the distance between two points on the surface of a spheroid, developed by Thaddeus Vincenty (1975a). They are based on the assumption that the figure of the Earth is an oblate spheroid, and hence are more accurate than methods that assume a ...
To convert Transverse Mercator coordinates to lat-lon, first calculate ′, the footprint latitude— i.e. the latitude of the point on the central meridian that has the same N as the point to be converted; i.e. the latitude that has a meridian distance on the spheroid equal to N/. Bowring's formulas below seem quickest, but traditional ...
t. e. View from the Swabian Jura to the Alps. Geographical distance or geodetic distance is the distance measured along the surface of the Earth, or the shortest arch length. The formulae in this article calculate distances between points which are defined by geographical coordinates in terms of latitude and longitude.
Geographic coordinate conversion has applications in cartography, surveying, navigation and geographic information systems. In geodesy, geographic coordinate conversion is defined as translation among different coordinate formats or map projections all referenced to the same geodetic datum. [1] A geographic coordinate transformation is a ...
Δ λ = λ 2 − λ 1 {\displaystyle \Delta \lambda =\lambda _ {2}-\lambda _ {1}} . Finally, the haversine function hav (θ), applied above to both the central angle θ and the differences in latitude and longitude, is. The haversine function computes half a versine of the angle θ, or the squares of half chord of the angle on a unit circle ...
Helmert transformation. The transformation from a reference frame 1 to a reference frame 2 can be described with three translations Δx, Δy, Δz, three rotations Rx, Ry, Rz and a scale parameter μ. The Helmert transformation (named after Friedrich Robert Helmert, 1843–1917) is a geometric transformation method within a three-dimensional space.
Euclidean distance. In mathematics, the Euclidean distance between two points in Euclidean space is the length of the line segment between them. It can be calculated from the Cartesian coordinates of the points using the Pythagorean theorem, and therefore is occasionally called the Pythagorean distance. These names come from the ancient Greek ...
The great-circle distance, orthodromic distance, or spherical distance is the distance between two points on a sphere, measured along the great-circle arc between them. This arc is the shortest path between the two points on the surface of the sphere. (By comparison, the shortest path passing through the sphere's interior is the chord between ...