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An unpublished opinion is a decision of a court that is not available for citation as precedent because the court deems the case to have insufficient precedential value. In the system of common law, each judicial decision becomes part of the body of law used in future decisions. However, some courts reserve certain decisions, leaving them ...
In modern practice, they are most commonly used in summary decisions that the Court resolves without full argument and briefing. [4] The designation is stated at the beginning of the opinion. Single-line per curiam decisions are also issued without concurrence or dissent by a hung Supreme Court (a 4–4 decision), when the Court has a vacant seat.
The Federal Appendix organizes court opinions within each volume by the date of the decision, and includes the full text of the court's opinion. West attorney editors add headnotes that summarize key principles of law in the cases, and Key Numbers that classify the decisions by topic within the West American Digest System .
A short-cite – similar to what some citation authorities call a shortened citation or shortened form — is an abbreviated way of identifying or linking to the full citation of a source. Many forms of short cites have been devised; the most common form on Wikipedia is "author-date", which uses the last name of one or more authors and the year ...
Social science is one of the branches of science, devoted to the study of societies and the relationships among members within those societies. The term was formerly used to refer to the field of sociology, the original "science of society", established in the 18th century.
Wikimania 2007 Citizen Journalism Unconference. Citizen journalism, also known as collaborative media, [1]: 61 participatory journalism, [2] democratic journalism, [3] guerrilla journalism, [4] grassroots journalism, [5] or street journalism, [6] is based upon members of the community playing an active role in the process of collecting, reporting, analyzing, and disseminating news and information.
In double-blind peer review, which has been fashioned by sociology journals in the 1950s [57] and remains more common in the social sciences and humanities than in the natural sciences, [citation needed] the identity of the authors is concealed from the reviewers ("blinded"), and vice versa, lest the knowledge of authorship or concern about ...
The opinions of specialists and recognized experts are more likely to be reliable and to reflect a significant viewpoint. [note 4] If the statement is not authoritative, attribute the opinion to the author in the text of the article and do not represent it as fact. Reviews for books, movies, art, etc. can be opinion, summary, or scholarly pieces.
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