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The two-dimensional measures above find one-dimensional counterparts in straightness measures, [5] defined by ISO 12780 on a cross-section (the plane curve resulting from the intersection of the surface of interest and a plane spanned by the surface normal): least squares reference line; minimum zone reference lines; local straightness deviation
Similarly, in shaft-straightening operations, where calibrated amounts of bending force are applied laterally to the shaft, the "total" emphasis corresponds to a bend of half that magnitude. If a shaft has 0.1 mm TIR, it is "out of straightness" by half that total, i.e., 0.05 mm.
ASME Y14.5 is a standard published by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) to establish rules, symbols, definitions, requirements, defaults, and recommended practices for stating and interpreting Geometric Dimensions and Tolerances (GD&T). [1]
Example of true position geometric control defined by basic dimensions and datum features. Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) is a system for defining and communicating engineering tolerances via a symbolic language on engineering drawings and computer-generated 3D models that describes a physical object's nominal geometry and the permissible variation thereof.
Tolerance analysis is the general term for activities related to the study of accumulated variation in mechanical parts and assemblies. Its methods may be used on other types of systems subject to accumulated variation, such as mechanical and electrical systems.
Statistical tests are used to test the fit between a hypothesis and the data. [1] [2] Choosing the right statistical test is not a trivial task. [1] The choice of the test depends on many properties of the research question. The vast majority of studies can be addressed by 30 of the 100 or so statistical tests in use. [3] [4] [5]
Geometrical Product Specification and Verification (GPS&V) [1] is a set of ISO standards developed by ISO Technical Committee 213. [2] The aim of those standards is to develop a common language to specify macro geometry (size, form, orientation, location) and micro-geometry (surface texture) of products or parts of products so that the language can be used consistently worldwide.
ASME Y14.41 is a standard published by American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) which establishes requirements and reference documents applicable to the preparation and revision of digital product definition data (also known as model-based definition), which pertains to CAD software and those who use CAD software to create the product definition within the 3D model.