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Xenoestrogens are a type of xenohormone that imitates estrogen.They can be either synthetic or natural chemical compounds.Synthetic xenoestrogens include some widely used industrial compounds, such as PCBs, BPA, and phthalates, which have estrogenic effects on a living organism even though they differ chemically from the estrogenic substances produced internally by the endocrine system of any ...
Because they can mimic estrogen thus activating the receptor, they are considered harmful and potentially linked with breast cancer. [1] List of metalloestrogens include aluminium , antimony , arsenite , barium , cadmium , [ 2 ] chromium (Cr(II)), cobalt , copper , lead , mercury , nickel , selenite , tin and vanadate .
Xenoestrogens are xenohormones that mimic the effects of natural estrogen. When present in the body, xenoestrogens can bind with estrogen receptors in the brain, leading to a disruption in the gonadal endocrine system. Xenoestrogen exposure during different developmental periods can have differing effects on the reproductive system.
Phthalates (US: / ˈ θ æ l eɪ t s / UK: / ˈ θ ɑː l eɪ t s ˌ ˈ f θ æ l ɪ t s / [1] [2]), or phthalate esters, are esters of phthalic acid. They are mainly used as plasticizers , i.e., substances added to plastics to increase their flexibility, transparency, durability, and longevity.
A comparison of the structures of the natural estrogen hormone estradiol (left) and one of the nonyl-phenols (right), a xenoestrogen endocrine disruptor. Endocrine disruptors, sometimes also referred to as hormonally active agents, [1] endocrine disrupting chemicals, [2] or endocrine disrupting compounds [3] are chemicals that can interfere with endocrine (or hormonal) systems. [4]
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), also known as estrogen receptor agonists/antagonists (ERAAs), [1] [2] are a class of drugs that act on estrogen receptors (ERs). [3] Compared to pure ER agonists – antagonists (e.g., full agonists and silent antagonists ), SERMs are more tissue-specific, allowing them to selectively inhibit or ...
"The primary treatment — and the first-line treatment — should be hormone (estrogen) therapy, especially for moderate-to-severe menopause symptoms," Dr. Anna Barbieri, assistant clinical ...
Estradiol valerate/cyproterone acetate (EV/CPA), sold under the brand names Climen and Femilar among others, is a combination product of estradiol valerate (EV), an estrogen, and cyproterone acetate (CPA), a progestogen, which is used in menopausal hormone therapy and as a birth control pill to prevent pregnancy. [1] It is taken by mouth. [1]