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Digital 16-QAM with example symbols Constellation points for 4-QAM, 16-QAM, 32-QAM, and 64-QAM overlapped. As in many digital modulation schemes, the constellation diagram is useful for QAM. In QAM, the constellation points are usually arranged in a square grid with equal vertical and horizontal spacing, although other configurations are ...
The advantage of APSK over conventional QAM is a lower number of possible amplitude levels and therefore a lower peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). [2] The resilience of APSK to amplifier and channel non-linearities afforded by its low PAPR have made it especially attractive for satellite communications, including DVB-S2 .
The phase modulation (φ(t), not shown) is a non-linearly increasing function from 0 to π /2 over the interval 0 < t < 16. The two amplitude-modulated components are known as the in-phase component (I, thin blue, decreasing) and the quadrature component (Q, thin red, increasing).
When plotted on a constellation diagram the point representing that received sample will be offset from the correct position for that symbol. An electronic test instrument called a vector signal analyzer can display the constellation diagram of a digital signal by sampling the signal and plotting each received symbol as a point. The result is a ...
A Gray-coded constellation diagram for rectangular 16-QAM. Two-dimensional Gray codes are used in communication to minimize the number of bit errors in quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) adjacent points in the constellation. In a typical encoding the horizontal and vertical adjacent constellation points differ by a single bit, and diagonal ...
A block diagram representation of a differential encoder. Note that the output is dependent on both the current and previous register state. Another type of differential decoder. A method illustrated above can deal with a data stream inversion (it is called 180° ambiguity).
A Costas loop is a phase-locked loop (PLL) based circuit which is used for carrier frequency recovery from suppressed-carrier modulation signals (e.g. double-sideband suppressed carrier signals) and phase modulation signals (e.g. BPSK, QPSK). It was invented by John P. Costas at General Electric in the 1950s.
QAM is a parallel form of modulation that transmits two independent signals at a symbol rate that is near, but less than, the bandwidth of 6 MHz. VSB modulation, on the other hand, is a serial form of modulation that transmits one independent signal at a symbol rate that is near, but less than, twice the bandwidth of 6 MHz.