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At the end of the 12th century, it moved from Winchester to a chamber adjacent to Westminster Hall. [15] The lower exchequer received payments and issued receipts in the form of tally sticks. The upper exchequer was a court called the Exchequer of Pleas. [16] In theory, the exchequer controlled government finances.
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The 12th century is the period from 1101 to 1200 in accordance with the Julian calendar. In the history of European culture, this period is considered part of the High Middle Ages and overlaps with what is often called the " 'Golden Age' of the Cistercians ".
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[7] This proposition was later challenged, and it was argued that the 12th century was a period of greater cultural achievement. [8] As economic and demographic methods were applied to the study of history, the trend was increasingly to see the late Middle Ages as a period of recession and crisis.
During the 12th century, the divisions between the English and Normans began to dissolve as a result of intermarriage and cohabitation. [160] By the end of the 12th century, and possibly as early as the 1150, contemporary commentators believed the two peoples to be blending, and the loss of the Duchy in 1204 reinforced this trend. [161]
The earliest written record of a windmill is from Yorkshire, England, dated 1185. Paper manufacture began in Italy around 1270. The spinning wheel was brought to Europe (probably from India) in the 13th century. The magnetic compass aided navigation, first reaching Europe some time in the late 12th century.
A chancery or chancellery (Latin: cancellaria) is a medieval writing office, responsible for the production of official documents. [1] The title of chancellor, for the head of the office, came to be held by important ministers in a number of states, and remains the title of the heads of government in modern Germany and Austria.