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The penny, also known as the cent, is a coin in the United States representing one-hundredth of a dollar.It has been the lowest face-value physical unit of U.S. currency since the abolition of the half-cent in 1857 (the abstract mill, which has never been minted, equal to a tenth of a cent, continues to see limited use in the fields of taxation and finance).
The English penny (plural "pence"), originally a coin of 1.3 to 1.5 grams (0.042 to 0.048 troy ounces; 0.046 to 0.053 ounces) pure silver, was introduced c. 785 by King Offa of Mercia. These coins were similar in size and weight to the continental deniers of the period and to the Anglo-Saxon sceats which had preceded it.
Penny is first attested in a 1394 Scots text, [n 1] a variant of Old English peni, a development of numerous variations including pennig, penning, and pending. [n 2] The etymology of the term "penny" is uncertain, although cognates are common across almost all Germanic languages [n 3] and suggest a base *pan-, *pann-, or *pand-with the individualizing suffix -ing.
The Lincoln cent or Lincoln penny is also colloquially referred to as a wheat penny because the reverse features two wheat heads. The 1909 penny weighs 3.11 g (0.110 oz) and has a 19 mm (0.75 in) diameter with a plain edge. The composition of the penny is bronze. [1] Its metal composition is 95% copper, 2.5% tin and 2.5% zinc. [2]
"Circulating Coins Production data".United States Mint. Archived from the original on March 14, 2016.; United States Mint. Archived 2017-01-31 at the Wayback Machine; Archived 2007-03-14 at the Wayback Machine dead links
A composition of 96% aluminum (with trace elements for stability) was chosen. [3] [7] The composition was chosen due to its longevity on coin die use and aluminum's high resistance to tarnishing. [8] Although they were produced in 1973, they were struck using 1974 dated dies in anticipation of release into circulation in that year. [3] [6]
The British decimal one penny (1p) coin is a unit of currency and denomination of sterling coinage worth 1 ⁄ 100 of one pound. Its obverse featured the profile of Queen Elizabeth II since the coin's introduction on 15 February 1971, the day British currency was decimalised , until her death on 8 September 2022 .
Composition Catalog number Produced by Notes Bronze: J2051/P2073 United States Mint: Brass: J2052 United States Mint Zinc: J2053 United States Mint Zinc-coated steel: J2054/P2074 United States Mint This composition was chosen for the 1943 cent: Manganese: J2055/P2075 United States Mint White metal: J2056 United States Mint Aluminum: J2057/P2076 ...