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Adenosine is a key factor in regulating the body's sleep-wake cycle. [40] Adenosine levels rise during periods of wakefulness and lowers during sleep. Higher adenosine levels correlate with a stronger feeling of sleepiness , also known as sleep drive or sleep pressure. [ 41 ]
Fatigue and sedation after heavy exertion can be caused by excess adenosine in the cells which signals muscle fiber to feel fatigued. In the brain, excess adenosine decreases alertness and causes sleepiness. In this way, adenosine may play a role in fatigue from MADD. [4] Recovery from over-exertion can be hours, days or even months.
Central nervous system fatigue, or central fatigue, is a form of fatigue that is associated with changes in the synaptic concentration of neurotransmitters within the central nervous system (CNS; including the brain and spinal cord) which affects exercise performance and muscle function and cannot be explained by peripheral factors that affect muscle function.
[62] [63] A 2014 Nature Reviews Cancer review article found that the key mouse studies that suggested acupuncture relieves pain via the local release of adenosine, which then triggered close-by A1 receptors "caused more tissue damage and inflammation relative to the size of the animal in mice than in humans, such studies unnecessarily muddled a ...
Caffeine keeps you awake by blocking adenosine receptors. Each type of adenosine receptor has different functions, although with some overlap. [3] For instance, both A 1 receptors and A 2A play roles in the heart, regulating myocardial oxygen consumption and coronary blood flow, while the A 2A receptor also has broader anti-inflammatory effects throughout the body. [4]
A 1 receptors are implicated in sleep promotion by inhibiting wake-promoting cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain. [6] A 1 receptors are also present in smooth muscle throughout the vascular system. [7] The adenosine A 1 receptor has been found to be ubiquitous throughout the entire body. [citation needed]
Within the field of purinergic signalling, these receptors have been implicated in learning and memory, locomotor and feeding behavior, and sleep. [2] More specifically, they are involved in several cellular functions, including proliferation and migration of neural stem cells , vascular reactivity, apoptosis and cytokine secretion.
In the human body, caffeine blocks adenosine receptors A 1 and A 2A. [5] Adenosine is a by-product of cellular activity: the stimulation of adenosine receptors produces sedation and a desire for sleep. Caffeine's ability to block these receptors means the levels of the body's natural stimulants, dopamine and norepinephrine, continue at higher ...