Search results
Results From The WOW.Com Content Network
This method is one of the oldest commercial routes to LABs. Each process generates LAB products with distinct features. Important product characteristics include the bromine index, sulfonatability, amount of 2-phenyl isomers (2-phenylalkane), the tetralin content, amount of non-alkylbenzene components, and the linearity of the product.
One method involves its conversion to the Grignard reagent, phenylmagnesium bromide. This reagent can be used, e.g. in the reaction with carbon dioxide to prepare benzoic acid. [4] Other methods involve palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions, such as the Suzuki reaction. Bromobenzene is used as a precursor in the manufacture of phencyclidine.
The other principal route is by the oxidative dehydrogenation of benzene: 2 C 6 H 6 + ½ O 2 → C 6 H 5 −C 6 H 5 + H 2 O. Annually 40,000,000 kg are produced by these routes. [13] In the laboratory, biphenyl can also be synthesized by treating phenylmagnesium bromide with copper(II) salts. It can also be prepared using diazonium salts.
In commercial applications, the alkylating agents are generally alkenes, some of the largest scale reactions practiced in industry.Such alkylations are of major industrial importance, e.g. for the production of ethylbenzene, the precursor to polystyrene, from benzene and ethylene and for the production of cumene from benzene and propene in cumene process:
The benzilic acid rearrangement is formally the 1,2-rearrangement of 1,2-diketones to form α-hydroxy–carboxylic acids using a base.This reaction receives its name from the reaction of benzil with potassium hydroxide to form benzilic acid.
Hydroformylation of alkenes is the most important method for obtaining aliphatic formyls (i.e., aldehydes). The reaction is largely restricted to industrial settings. Several specialty methods exist for laboratory-scale synthesis, including the Sommelet reaction, Bouveault aldehyde synthesis or Bodroux–Chichibabin aldehyde synthesis.
Nitrobenzene is prepared by nitration of benzene with a mixture of concentrated sulfuric acid, water, and nitric acid. This mixture is sometimes called "mixed acid." The production of nitrobenzene is one of the most dangerous processes conducted in the chemical industry because of the exothermicity of the reaction (ΔH = −117 kJ/mol). [5] +
The properties of deuterated benzene are very similar to those of normal benzene, however, the increased atomic weight of deuterium relative to protium means that the melting point of C 6 D 6 is about 1.3 °C higher than that of the nondeuterated analogue. The boiling points of both compounds, however, are the same: 80 °C.