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Commonly cold-rolled products include sheets, strips, bars, and rods; these products are usually smaller than the same products that are hot rolled. Because of the smaller size of the workpieces and their greater strength, as compared to hot rolled stock, four-high or cluster mills are used. [2]
In the era of commercial wrought iron, blooms were slag-riddled iron castings poured in a bloomery before being worked into wrought iron. In the era of commercial steel, blooms are intermediate-stage pieces of steel produced by a first pass of rolling (in a blooming mill) that works the ingots down to a smaller cross-sectional area, but still greater than 36 in 2 (230 cm 2). [1]
Direct strip casting is a continuous casting process for producing metallic sheet directly from the molten state that minimizes the need for substantial secondary processing. For low-carbon sheet steels, this is a relatively new process which has only achieved commercial success since the early 2000s. [9] [10]
The term long products may include hot rolled bar, cold rolled or drawn bar, rebar, railway rails, wire, rope (stranded wire), woven cloth of steel wire, shapes (sections) such as U, I, or H sections, and may also include ingots from continuous casting, including blooms and billets. Fabricated structural units, such bridge sections are also ...
Hot rolled parts are usually dark and dull, their surface oxidized from being hot worked. Extruded products may have die marks running the length of the stock. Other mill finishes are surprisingly smooth and uniform. It is possible for a mill to influence the finish of produced stock.
Cross-sections of continuously rolled structural shapes, showing the change induced by each rolling mill. Structural shape rolling, also known as shape rolling and profile rolling, [1] is the rolling and roll forming of structural shapes by passing them through a rolling mill to bend or deform the workpiece to a desired shape while maintaining a constant cross-section.
With hot rolled slabs and plates, the thickness varies mainly due to the changes in the temperature along the length. The colder sections are a result of the supports in the re-heat furnace. When cold rolling, virtually all of the strip thickness variation is the result of the eccentricity and out-of-roundness of the back-up rolls from about ...
Thermomechanical processing is a metallurgical process that combines mechanical or plastic deformation process like compression or forging, rolling, etc. with thermal processes like heat-treatment, water quenching, heating and cooling at various rates into a single process. [1]