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Disruption of the normal flora can cause a vaginal yeast infection. Vaginal yeast infection can affect women of all ages and is very common. The yeast Candida albicans is the most common cause of vaginitis. Specific forms of vaginal inflammation include the following types: Infectious vaginitis accounts for 90% of all cases in reproductive age ...
Although the lactic acid produced by lactobacilli contributes to the vaginal acidity, it is still not proven to be the primary source of low vaginal pH, but the fact remains that most lactobacilli thrive best at a pH < 3.5 . [13] [14] [15] Normal vaginal pH is considered to be under 4.5 with a range of 3.8 to 4.4. [5]
G. vaginalis is associated with bacterial vaginosis, [17] which may be asymptomatic, [18] or may have symptoms including vaginal discharge, vaginal irritation, and a "fish-like" odor. In the amine whiff test , 10% KOH is added to the discharge; a positive result is indicated if a fishy smell is produced.
Bacterial vaginosis is caused by an imbalance of the naturally occurring bacteria in the vagina. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The normally predominant species of Lactobacilli are markedly reduced. [ 3 ] This is the list of organisms that are found in the vagina that are associated with bacterial vaginosis , an infectious disease of the vagina caused by ...
Vaginal wet mount showing slings of pseudohyphae of Candida albicans surrounded by round vaginal epithelial cells, conferring a diagnosis of candidal vulvovaginitis.. A vaginal wet mount (or vaginal smear [1] or wet prep [2]) is a gynecologic test wherein a sample of vaginal discharge is observed by wet mount microscopy by placing the specimen on a glass slide and mixing with a salt solution. [1]
Phase contrast microscopy of clue cells in a vaginal swab A pH indicator to detect vaginal alkalinization (here showing approximately pH 8), and a microscope slide to microscopically detect clue cells Gram stain of cells from the vagina (the same magnification) with normal bacterial flora (top) and the bacteria that cause vaginosis (bottom).
Atrophic vaginitis may be caused by tissue thinning, loss of elasticity, and loss of vaginal fluids from low estrogen levels. [5] Normally, estrogen helps the vagina shed old cells, which are then converted into lactic acid by good bacteria. [15] This keeps the vagina's pH acidic and healthy. [15]
Aerobic vaginitis (AV) is a form of vaginitis first described by Donders et al. in 2002. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is characterized by a more or less severe disruption of the lactobacillary flora , along with inflammation , atrophy , and the presence of a predominantly aerobic microflora , composed of enteric commensals or pathogens .
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