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ushr - a 10% tax on the harvests of irrigated land and 10% tax on harvest from rain-watered land and 5% on Land dependent on well water. [2] The term has also been used for a 10% tax on merchandise imported from states that taxed the Muslims on their products. [6] Caliph `Umar ibn Al-Khattāb was the first Muslim ruler to levy ushr. [citation ...
There is no subject of Islamic social history on which the present writer had to modify his views so radically while passing from literary to documentary sources, i.e., from the study of Muslim books to that of the records of the Cairo Geniza as the jizya...or the poll tax to be paid by non-Muslims.
Khums is the first Islamic tax, which was imposed in 2 AH/624 CE, [a] after the Battle of Badr. [3] It is separate from other Islamic taxes [ b ] such as zakat and jizya . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] It is treated differently in Sunni and Shia Islam ; key topics of debate include the types of wealth subject to khums, the methods of its collection and ...
The reforms of Umar II were finalized under the Abbasids and would thereafter form the model of tax systems in the Islamic state. [3] From that time on, kharaj was also used as a general term describing all kinds of taxes: for example, the classic treatise on taxation by the 9th century jurist Abu Yusuf was called Kitab al-Kharaj , i.e.
An iqta (Arabic: إقطاع, romanized: iqṭāʿ) and occasionally iqtaʿa (Arabic: إقطاعة) [1] was an Islamic practice of tax farming that became common in Muslim Asia during the Buyid dynasty. Iqta has been defined in Nizam-al-Mulk's Siyasatnama. Administrators of an Iqta were known as muqti or wali.
[8] [9] It is a mandatory charitable contribution, often considered to be a tax. [10] [11] The payment and disputes on zakat have played a major role in the history of Islam, notably during the Ridda wars. [12] [13] [page needed] Zakat on wealth is based on the value of all of one's possessions.
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The states where zakat is compulsory differ in their definition of what assets (and sometimes income) are "zakatable"—eligible for contributing zakat. [43] A 1995 study by Fouad Abdullah al-Omar [44] found many differences. [43] Agricultural produce. All six countries charge zakat on agricultural produce, but in Malaysia only rice is subject ...