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One of the applications of locally decodable codes in complexity theory is hardness amplification. Using LDCs with polynomial codeword length and polylogarithmic query complexity, one can take a function : {,} {,} that is hard to solve on worst case inputs and design a function ′: {,} {,} that is hard to compute on average case inputs.
Each codeword does not have an expected possibility: there may be more than one codeword with an equal likelihood of mutating into the received message. In such a case, the sender and receiver(s) must agree ahead of time on a decoding convention. Popular conventions include: Request that the codeword be resent – automatic repeat-request.
The solution to this problem is a pair of bypass multiplexers. These multiplexers sit at the end of the decode stage, and their flopped outputs are the inputs to the ALU. Each multiplexer selects between: A register file read port (i.e. the output of the decode stage, as in the naive pipeline): red arrow
The instruction cycle (also known as the fetch–decode–execute cycle, or simply the fetch–execute cycle) is the cycle that the central processing unit (CPU) follows from boot-up until the computer has shut down in order to process instructions. It is composed of three main stages: the fetch stage, the decode stage, and the execute stage.
In some locales UTF-8N means UTF-8 without a byte-order mark (BOM), and in this case UTF-8 may imply there is a BOM. [ 76 ] [ 77 ] In Windows , UTF-8 is codepage 65001 [ 78 ] with the symbolic name CP_UTF8 in source code.
Indexes denote the position of the symbol in a message. In the special case where all frequencies are 1, this is the change-of-base formula. The upper bound U will be L plus the product of all frequencies; in this case U = L + (3 × 1 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 2) = 25002 + 108
In this case, a local decoding procedure can help. The algorithm from Reed is based on the following property: you start from the code word, that is a sequence of evaluation points from an unknown polynomial p x {\textstyle p_{x}} of F 2 [ X 1 , X 2 , . . .
A lookup table, which contains, as keys, the case values and, as values, the part under the case statement. (In some languages, only actual data types are allowed as values in the lookup table. In other languages, it is also possible to assign functions as lookup table values, gaining the same flexibility as a real switch statement.