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When a user is logging on to Windows, the startup sound is played, the shell (usually EXPLORER.EXE) is loaded from the [boot] section of the SYSTEM.INI file, and startup items are loaded. In all versions of Windows 9x except ME, it is also possible to load Windows by booting to a DOS prompt and typing "win".
The disk, tape or card deck must contain a special program to load the actual operating system or standalone utility into main storage, and for this specific purpose "IPL Text" is placed on the disk by the stand-alone DASDI (Direct Access Storage Device Initialization) program or an equivalent program running under an operating system, e.g ...
A block, a contiguous number of bytes, is the minimum unit of storage that is read from and written to a disk by a disk driver.The earliest disk drives had fixed block sizes (e.g. the IBM 350 disk storage unit (of the late 1950s) block size was 100 six-bit characters) but starting with the 1301 [8] IBM marketed subsystems that featured variable block sizes: a particular track could have blocks ...
An INI file is a configuration file for computer software that consists of plain text with a structure and syntax comprising key–value pairs organized in sections. [1] The name of these configuration files comes from the filename extension INI, short for initialization, used in the MS-DOS operating system which popularized this method of software configuration.
In x86 computers, a first-stage bootloader is a compact 512-byte program that resides in the master boot record (MBR) and executes when a computer starts. Running in 16-bit real mode at address 0x7C00, it performs minimal hardware initialization, sets up a basic execution environment, and locates the second-stage bootloader.
initialize, size, and verify system main memory; initialize BIOS; pass control to other specialized extension BIOSes (if installed) identify, organize, and select which devices are available for booting; The functions above are served by the POST in all BIOS versions back to the very first. In later BIOS versions, POST will also: initialize chipset
The kernel is stored in MSDOS.SYS with MS-DOS and in IO.SYS with Windows 9x. At this point, "normal" file access is available. Processes the MSDOS.SYS file with Windows 9x. Processes the CONFIG.SYS file, in MS-DOS 2.0 and higher and Windows 9x. Loads COMMAND.COM (or other operating system shell if specified). Displays the bootsplash in Windows 9x
Also, Windows 11 requires UEFI to boot, [87] with the exception of IoT Enterprise editions of Windows 11. [10] UEFI is required for devices shipping with Windows 8 [ 88 ] [ 89 ] and above. Other alternatives to the functionality of the "Legacy BIOS" in the x86 world include coreboot and libreboot .