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Cell growth refers to an increase in the total mass of a cell, including both cytoplasmic, nuclear and organelle volume. [1] Cell growth occurs when the overall rate of cellular biosynthesis (production of biomolecules or anabolism) is greater than the overall rate of cellular degradation (the destruction of biomolecules via the proteasome, lysosome or autophagy, or catabolism).
Glial cell numbers per neuron increase 12–14% [5] [7] The direct apposition area of glial cells with synapses expands by 19% [21] The volume of glial cell nuclei for each synapse is higher by 37.5% [18] The mean volume of mitochondria per neuron is 20% greater [18] The volume of glial cell nuclei for each neuron is 63% higher [18]
Both structures exhibit localized vesicles at the active sites, clustered receptors at the post-synaptic membrane, and glial cells that encapsulate the entire synaptic cleft. In terms of synaptogenesis, both synapses exhibit differentiation of the pre- and post-synaptic membranes following initial contact between the two cells.
Cell growth plays a crucial role in cell proliferation, regulating cellular homeostasis and cell cycle progression through dynamic changes in cell size. [1] And like DNA damage, it can promote senescence by triggering a prolonged cell cycle arrest. [5]
Tissue growth is the process by which a tissue increases its size. In animals, tissue growth occurs during embryonic development, post-natal growth, and tissue regeneration. The fundamental cellular basis for tissue growth is the process of cell proliferation, which involves both cell growth and cell division occurring in parallel. [1] [2] [3] [4]
In biological terms, human development entails growth from a one-celled zygote to an adult human being. Fertilization occurs when the sperm cell successfully enters and fuses with an egg cell . [2] The genetic material of the sperm and egg then combine to form a single cell called a zygote and the germinal stage of prenatal development commences.
Osteocytes, the most common cell type within mature cortical bone, actively participate in the growth and maintenance of TCVs through the transfer of mitochondria to endothelial cells. Scanning electron microscopy images have revealed that osteocytes possess numerous dendritic processes with expanded, endfoot-like structures. These endfeet ...
The differentiation of stem cell precursors into specialized neurons gives rise to the formation of synapses and neural circuits, which is key to the principle of plasticity. [16] During this pivotal point in development, consequent developmental processes like the differentiation and specialization of neurons are highly sensitive to exogenous ...