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Parkinson's disease (PD), or simply Parkinson's, is a neurodegenerative disease primarily of the central nervous system, affecting both motor and non-motor systems. Symptoms typically develop gradually, with non-motor issues becoming more prevalent as the disease progresses.
Parkinsonism is a clinical syndrome characterized by the four motor symptoms found in Parkinson's disease: tremor, bradykinesia (slowed movements), rigidity, and postural instability. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Parkinsonism gait problems can lead to falls and serious physical injuries.
Early-onset parkinsonism-intellectual disability syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder which is characterized by intellectual disabilities, psychomotor developmental delays, macrocephaly, and Parkinson's disease which starts before the age of 45 (early onset PD). [1] [2] [3] Additional symptoms include epilepsy, strabismus, and frontal ...
Parkinson’s disease, which is lifelong, progressive, and has no cure, occurs when brain cells that make dopamine, a chemical that coordinates movement, stop working or die, according to the ...
Historically, starting in 1917 an epidemic of encephalitis lethargica, also called von Economo's encephalitis or "sleepy-disease" occurred, possibly related to the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic; however, even with the use of modern molecular diagnostic tests on appropriate corpses, no firm link between encephalitis lethargica and influenza has been ...
Parkinson's disease patient showing a typical flexed walking posture in advanced stage. Signs and symptoms of Parkinson's disease are varied. Parkinson's disease affects movement, producing motor symptoms. [1] Non-motor symptoms, which include dysautonomia, cognitive and neurobehavioral problems, and sensory and sleep difficulties, are also ...
A number of conditions can feature dysautonomia, such as Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy, dementia with Lewy bodies, [6] Ehlers–Danlos syndromes, [7] autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy and autonomic neuropathy, [8] HIV/AIDS, [9] mitochondrial cytopathy, [10] pure autonomic failure, autism, and postural orthostatic tachycardia ...
In the management of Parkinson's disease, due to the chronic nature of Parkinson's disease (PD), a broad-based program is needed that includes patient and family education, support-group services, general wellness maintenance, exercise, and nutrition. At present, no cure for the disease is known, but medications or surgery can provide relief ...