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The ancient Egyptian calendar – a civil calendar – was a solar calendar with a 365-day year. The year consisted of three seasons of 120 days each, plus an intercalary month of five epagomenal days treated as outside of the year proper. Each season was divided into four months of 30 days.
The Coptic year is the extension of the ancient Egyptian civil year, retaining its subdivision into the three seasons, four months each. The three seasons are commemorated by special prayers in the Coptic Liturgy. This calendar is still in use all over Egypt by farmers to keep track of the various agricultural seasons. [6]
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In the present-day Coptic calendar, the intercalary month remains the same as the Alexandrian dates in the Julian calendar. In terms of the Gregorian calendar, it has begun on 6 September [1] and ended on 10 September in common years and 11 September in leap years since AD 1900 (AM 1616) [35] and will continue to do so until AD 2100 (AM 1816). [36]
The Season of the Harvest or Low Water [1] was the third and final season of the lunar and civil Egyptian calendars.It fell after the Season of the Emergence (Prt) and before the spiritually dangerous intercalary month (Ḥryw Rnpt), after which the New Year's festivities began the Season of the Inundation (Ꜣḫt). [1]
The Season of the Inundation or Flood (Ancient Egyptian: Ꜣḫt) [b] was the first season of the lunar and civil Egyptian calendars.It fell after the intercalary month of Days over the Year (Ḥryw Rnpt) [3] and before the Season of the Emergence (). [4]
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The Season of the Emergence was divided into four months. In the lunar calendar, each began on a dawn when the waning crescent moon was no longer visible. In the civil calendar, each consisted of exactly 30 days [8] divided into three 10-day weeks known as decans.