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The normal temperature of the mouth ranges between 35 and 36 °C, and a two-degree (°C) change has been shown to drastically shift the dominant species in the plaque. [18] Redox reactions are carried out by aerobic bacteria. This keeps the oxygen levels in the mouth at a semi-stable homeostatic condition, which allows the bacteria to survive. [18]
A dynamic equilibrium exists notably between the bacteria of dental plaque and the host's immune system, enabling the plaque to stay behind in the mouth when other biofilms are washed away. [19] In equilibrium, the bacterial biofilm produced by the fermentation of sugar in the mouth is quickly swept away by the saliva, except for dental plaque.
Bacterial toxins and the body's natural defenses start to break down the bone and connective tissues. The tooth may eventually become loose and have to be removed. Scarlet fever is caused by a particular streptococci species, Streptococci Pyogenes, and is classified be a severe form of bacterial sore throat.
The microorganisms that form the biofilm are almost entirely bacteria (mainly streptococcus and anaerobes), with the composition varying by location in the mouth. [41] Streptococcus mutans is the most important bacterium associated with dental caries. Certain bacteria in the mouth live off the remains of foods, especially sugars and starches.
Supragingival calculus formation is most abundant on the buccal (cheek) surfaces of the maxillary (upper jaw) molars and on the lingual (tongue) surfaces of the mandibular (lower jaw) incisors. [18] These areas experience high salivary flow because of their proximity to the parotid and sublingual salivary glands .
It usually presents in young children and is very contagious. It is characterised by the presence of small oral blisters which break down and coalesce into ulcers. [18] [19] Herpes labialis (cold sore): Reactivation of latent herpes simplex virus-1 triggered by sunlight, stress, and hormonal changes. It is characterised by the presence of ...
The acid is produced by the bacteria when they break down food debris or sugar on the tooth surface. [4] Simple sugars in food are these bacteria's primary energy source and thus a diet high in simple sugar is a risk factor. [4] If mineral breakdown is greater than buildup from sources such as saliva, caries results. [4]
The dental pellicle, or acquired pellicle, is a protein film that forms on the surface enamel, dentin, artificial crowns, and bridges by selective binding of glycoproteins from saliva that prevents continuous deposition of salivary calcium phosphate.