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The basic scheduling unit in Kubernetes is a pod, [54] which consists of one or more containers that are guaranteed to be co-located on the same node. [32] Each pod in Kubernetes is assigned a unique IP address within the cluster, allowing applications to use ports without the risk of conflict. [ 55 ]
Container clusters need to be managed. This includes functionality to create a cluster, to upgrade the software or repair it, balance the load between existing instances, scale by starting or stopping instances to adapt to the number of users, to log activities and monitor produced logs or the application itself by querying sensors.
With the growth of Kubernetes and container orchestration, Cilium became a CNI, [8] providing basic things like configuring container network interfaces and Pod to Pod connectivity. From the beginning, Cilium based its networking on eBPF rather than iptables or IPVS , betting that eBPF would become the future of cloud native networking.
OpenShift is a family of containerization software products developed by Red Hat.Its flagship product is the OpenShift Container Platform — a hybrid cloud platform as a service built around Linux containers orchestrated and managed by Kubernetes on a foundation of Red Hat Enterprise Linux.
In that case, the upper layers of the ETSI NFV MANO architecture (i.e. the NFVO and VNFM) cooperate with a container infrastructure service management (CISM) function [5] that is typically implemented using cloud-native orchestration solutions (e.g. Kubernetes). The characteristics of cloud-native network functions are: [6] [7]
The PoD is a repeatable design pattern, and its components maximize the modularity, scalability, and manageability of data centers." [ 1 ] The modular design principle has been applied to telephone and data networks, for instance through a repeatable node design describing the configuration of equipment housed in point of presence facilities.
The main classes of Docker objects are images, containers, and services. [22] A Docker container is a standardized, encapsulated environment that runs applications. [25] A container is managed using the Docker API or CLI. [22] A Docker image is a read-only template used to build containers. Images are used to store and ship applications. [22]
Singularity is a free and open-source computer program that performs operating-system-level virtualization also known as containerization. [4]One of the main uses of Singularity is to bring containers and reproducibility to scientific computing and the high-performance computing (HPC) world.