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A speech impairment is characterized by difficulty in articulation of words. Examples include stuttering or problems producing particular sounds. Articulation refers to the sounds, syllables, and phonology produced by the individual. An example may include substituting one sound for another or leaving out sounds.
Figure-ground: Isolate one sound from background of other sounds; Perception: Comprehension of sounds heard; Syllable-structure awareness tasks. Syllable segmentation: e.g., "How many syllables (or parts) are in the word coffee?" [13] Syllable completion: e.g., "Here is a picture of a rabbit. I'll say the first part of the word.
Trisyllabic laxing, or trisyllabic shortening, is any of three processes in English in which tense vowels (long vowels or diphthongs) become lax (short monophthongs) if they are followed by two or more syllables, at least the first of which is unstressed, for example, grateful vs gratitude, profound vs profundity.
A sonority hierarchy or sonority scale is a hierarchical ranking of speech sounds (or phones).Sonority is loosely defined as the loudness of speech sounds relative to other sounds of the same pitch, length and stress, [1] therefore sonority is often related to rankings for phones to their amplitude. [2]
Adjectives and nouns of a sentence are often stressed on the first syllables while verbs are often stressed on the second syllable. For example: "Elizabeth felt an increase in her happiness after meeting Tom" Here, adults will emphasize the first syllable, "IN", as "increase" functions as an adjective. "Tom will increase his workload"
A disfluence or nonfluence is a non-pathological hesitance when speaking, the use of fillers (“like” or “uh”), or the repetition of a word or phrase. This needs to be distinguished from a fluency disorder like stuttering with an interruption of fluency of speech, accompanied by "excessive tension, speaking avoidance, struggle behaviors, and secondary mannerism".
(3) Example metrical grid The higher the column of Xs above a syllable, the more prominent the syllable is. The metrical grid and the metrical tree for a particular utterance are related in such a way that the Designated Terminal Element of an S node must be more prominent than the Designated Terminal Element of its sister W node. [2]
For example, the clitic group is not considered to be a separate level in Selkirk's version of the hierarchy, [1] while the minor phrase or accentual phrase are not considered to be separate from the phonological phrase in Hayes' [2] and Nespor & Vogel's hierarchies. [3] [4] Utterance [2] [3] Intonational phrase (I-phrase, ι) [1] also known as: