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The problem is named after Flavius Josephus, a Jewish historian and leader who lived in the 1st century. According to Josephus's firsthand account of the siege of Yodfat, he and his 40 soldiers were trapped in a cave by Roman soldiers. They chose suicide over capture, and settled on a serial method of committing suicide by drawing lots.
The problem for graphs is NP-complete if the edge lengths are assumed integers. The problem for points on the plane is NP-complete with the discretized Euclidean metric and rectilinear metric. The problem is known to be NP-hard with the (non-discretized) Euclidean metric. [3]: ND22, ND23
Then it gives a proof that uses a different specific example ("we explicitly solve the problem when every second person will be killed"). But in no case does it actually give the answer. I believe the answer for the Josephus example of 41 participants and a step of three is that position 31 is the survivor and position 16 is the next-to-last.
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For example, the largest amount that cannot be obtained using only coins of 3 and 5 units is 7 units. The solution to this problem for a given set of coin denominations is called the Frobenius number of the set. The Frobenius number exists as long as the set of coin denominations is setwise coprime.
Conceptual problems are often formulated as multiple-choice questions, making them easy to use during in-class discussions, particularly when utilizing active learning, peer instruction, and audience response. An example of a conceptual question in undergraduate thermodynamics is provided below:
Josephus problem table: Image title: Claude Gaspar Bachet de Méziriac's interpretation of the Josephus problem with 41 soldiers and a step size of 3, visualised by CMG Lee. Time progresses inwards along the spiral, green dots denoting live soldiers, grey dead soldiers, and crosses killings.
Rule 110 - most questions involving "can property X appear later" are undecidable. The problem of determining whether a quantum mechanical system has a spectral gap. [9] [10] Finding the capacity of an information-stable finite state machine channel. [11] In network coding, determining whether a network is solvable. [12] [13]