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Therefore, 16-bit digital audio found on CDs has a theoretical maximum SNR of 98 dB, and professional 24-bit digital audio tops out as 146 dB. As of 2011 [update] , digital audio converter technology is limited to an SNR of about 123 dB [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] ( effectively 21 bits) because of real-world limitations in integrated circuit design.
The DVD-Audio format uses standard, linear PCM at variable sampling rates and bit depths, which at the very least match and usually greatly surpass those of standard CD audio (16 bits, 44.1 kHz). In the popular Hi-Fi press, it had been suggested that linear PCM "creates [a] stress reaction in people", and that DSD "is the only digital recording ...
The 16-bit compact disc has a theoretical undithered dynamic range of about 96 dB; [20] [d] however, the perceived dynamic range of 16-bit audio can be 120 dB or more with noise-shaped dither, taking advantage of the frequency response of the human ear. [21] [22]
They manufactured a total of 18 digital recorders, of which seven were sold and the rest leased out. [2] Although most recordings were of classical music, the range included country, rock, jazz, pop, and avant-garde. The first US live digital recording was made in 1976 by Soundstream's prototype 37 kHz, 16-bit, two channel recorder. [3]
Audio is typically recorded at 8-, 16-, and 24-bit depth; which yield a theoretical maximum signal-to-quantization-noise ratio (SQNR) for a pure sine wave of, approximately; 49.93 dB, 98.09 dB, and 122.17 dB. [22] CD quality audio uses 16-bit samples. Thermal noise limits the true number of bits that can be used in quantization.
The result was the 3M Digital Audio Mastering System, which consisted of a 32-track deck (16-bit, 50 kHz audio) running 1-inch tape and a 4-track, 1/2-inch mastering recorder. 3M's 32-track recorder was priced at $115,000 in 1978 (equivalent to $554,000 in 2024).