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Therefore, 16-bit digital audio found on CDs has a theoretical maximum SNR of 98 dB, and professional 24-bit digital audio tops out as 146 dB. As of 2011 [update] , digital audio converter technology is limited to an SNR of about 123 dB [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] ( effectively 21 bits) because of real-world limitations in integrated circuit design.
Each additional bit adds approximately 6 dB in possible SNR (e.g. 24 x 6 = 144 dB for 24-bit and 120 dB for 20-bit quantization). The 16-bit digital system of Red Book audio CD has 2 16 = 65,536 possible signal amplitudes, theoretically allowing for an SNR of 98 dB. [2]: 49
The 16-bit compact disc has a theoretical undithered dynamic range of about 96 dB; [20] [d] however, the perceived dynamic range of 16-bit audio can be 120 dB or more with noise-shaped dither, taking advantage of the frequency response of the human ear. [21] [22]
The SNR values are given for the rectangular region on the forehead. The plots at the bottom show the signal intensity in the indicated row of the image (red: original signal, blue: with noise). Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR or S/N) is a measure used in science and engineering that compares the level of a desired signal to the level of background ...
Though any number of quantization levels is possible, common word lengths are 8-bit (256 levels), 16-bit (65,536 levels) and 24-bit (16.8 million levels). Quantizing a sequence of numbers produces a sequence of quantization errors which is sometimes modeled as an additive random signal called quantization noise because of its stochastic behavior.
The Signal-to-quantization-noise ratio is a multiple of the bit depth. Audio CDs use a bit depth of 16-bits, while DVD-Video and Blu-ray discs can use 24-bit audio. The maximum dynamic range of a 16-bit system is about 96 dB, [10] while for 24 bit it is about 144 dB.
For example, a linearly encoded 16-bit PCM signal can be converted to an 8-bit WAV or AU file while maintaining a decent SNR by compressing before the transition to 8-bit and expanding after conversion back to 16-bit. This is effectively a form of lossy audio data compression.
4-channel stereo multiplexed analog-to-digital converter WM8775SEDS made by Wolfson Microelectronics placed on an X-Fi Fatal1ty Pro sound card AD570 8-bit successive-approximation analog-to-digital converter AD570/AD571 silicon die INTERSIL ICL7107. 3.5 digit (i.e. conversion from analog to a numeric range of 0 to 1999 vs. 3 digit range of 0 to 999, typically used in meters, counters, etc ...