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In this example, the "lurking" variable (or confounding variable) causing the paradox is the size of the stones, which was not previously known to researchers to be important until its effects were included. [citation needed] Which treatment is considered better is determined by which success ratio (successes/total) is larger.
For example, if somebody wanted to study the cause of myocardial infarct and thinks that the age is a probable confounding variable, each 67-year-old infarct patient will be matched with a healthy 67-year-old "control" person. In case-control studies, matched variables most often are the age and sex.
In statistics, a spurious relationship or spurious correlation [1] [2] is a mathematical relationship in which two or more events or variables are associated but not causally related, due to either coincidence or the presence of a certain third, unseen factor (referred to as a "common response variable", "confounding factor", or "lurking ...
All of those examples deal with a lurking variable, which is simply a hidden third variable that affects both of the variables observed to be correlated. That third variable is also known as a confounding variable, with the slight difference that confounding variables need not be hidden and may thus be corrected for in an analysis. Note that ...
In this example, tobacco use was the confounder for early studies investigating the influence of alcohol on heart disease. I'm a health economist, and we call confounders that, or confounding variables. Never heard the term lurking variable except for Wikipedia.
For example, you may want to go with a 3-month, 6-month, 9-month, and 12-month setup to take advantage of today's strong CD rates while maintaining flexibility with your money. Or, lock in some ...
However the paradox can be explained statistically by uncovering a lurking variable between smoking and the two key variables: birth weight and risk of mortality. Both variables are acted on independently by smoking and other adverse conditions—birth weight is lowered and the risk of mortality increases.
The bird flu outbreak has taken concerning turns, with more than 60 human cases confirmed. Experts outlined four signs that the virus is going in the wrong direction.