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Additionally, the term 'inference' has also been applied to the process of generating predictions from trained neural networks. In this context, an 'inference engine' refers to the system or hardware performing these operations. This type of inference is widely used in applications ranging from image recognition to natural language processing.
The fact–value distinction is also closely related to the moralistic fallacy, an invalid inference of factual conclusions from purely evaluative premises. For example, an invalid inference "Because everybody ought to be equal, there are no innate genetic differences between people" is an instance of the moralistic fallacy.
A fact is a true datum about one or more aspects of a circumstance. [1] ... Facts are different from inferences, theories, values, and objects. [2] Etymology and usage.
A rule of inference is a way or schema of drawing a conclusion from a set of premises. [17] This happens usually based only on the logical form of the premises. A rule of inference is valid if, when applied to true premises, the conclusion cannot be false. A particular argument is valid if it follows a valid rule of inference.
[23] [3] An inference is the mental process of reasoning that starts from the premises and arrives at the conclusion. [18] [24] But the terms "argument" and "inference" are often used interchangeably in logic. The purpose of arguments is to convince a person that something is the case by providing reasons for this belief.
Specifically, matters of fact are established by making an inference about causes and effects from repeatedly observed experience. While relations of ideas are supported by reason alone, matters of fact must rely on the connection of a cause and effect through experience.
Circumstantial evidence allows a trier of fact to infer that a fact exists. [1] In criminal law, the inference is made by the trier of fact to support the truth of an assertion (of guilt or absence of guilt). Reasonable doubt is tied into circumstantial evidence as that evidence relies on inference. It was put in place because the ...
[14] [15] Fact is also used in a wider sense to mean any theory for which there is overwhelming evidence. [16] According to Douglas J. Futuyma, [6] A fact is a hypothesis that is so firmly supported by evidence that we assume it is true, and act as if it were true. In the sense that evolution is overwhelmingly validated by the evidence, it is a ...